Wake wazithola udidekile ngamagama afanaitiyela, ibha yamalahle, I-Coal-Tar Pitch, itiyela, futhii-petroleum? Awuwedwa! Lezi-mnyama, i-viscousinto uqobo lwayokaningi kushiwo ezimeni ezisukelaumgwaqo ukwakhakokuhlukahlukene-kwezimboni isicelos. Ukuqonda imvelaphi yabo ehlukile, izakhiwo, kanyeumsebenziKubalulekile, ikakhulukazi uma usemboni oncike kubo. Le ndatshana izodiliza lezi zinto, chaza yazoumahlukos, bese ugqamisa ukuthi kungani ukhetha ilungeloumphumelaFuthi umphakeli, njengathi lapha kwaZgfty, ubalulekile empumelelweni yakho. Sizohlola kanjaniamalahleukucubungula izithelo ezibalulekile ezibalulekile, kanjanii-petroleumIdlala ingxenye yayo, nokuthi wena, njengomthengi oqondayo njengoMark Thompson, okufanele ufune. Lungela ukungena ngokujulile emhlabeni walezi ezibalulekile-kwezimboni into uqobo lwayoS!
1. Yini i-tar, futhi ihluke kanjani ku-coal tal esuka kulo nokwakheka?
Igama "itiyela"Ingabe ebanzi, evame ukusetshenziselwa ukuchaza noma iyiphi-shubile, emnyama, i-viscousuketshezi olumnyama. Kepha ngomqondo wezobuchwepheshe owengeziwe,itiyelakuvame ukukhiqizwa yi-distillation ebhubhisayo ye-organicinto uqobo lwayos. Okuqondileumthombowale mihlokointo uqobo lwayoyikho okusinika izinhlobo ezahlukene zeitiyela. Isibonelo, izinkuniitiyelakuvela ngokhuni, ngenkathiitiyelaSithanda kakhulu-kwezimboniIzinhloso,ibha yamalahle, kuvela kusukaamalahle. Le khasiumahlukophakathi kwa-umthombokuholela ebalulekileumahlukophakathi kwa-okuthakiweyoukwakheka futhi, ngenxa yalokho, izakhiwo zabo kanyeumsebenzis.
Ibha yamalahlengokukhethekile i-byproduct etholwe ngesikhathi sokudla kwe-carbonization yeamalahleukukhiqizacocke(isetshenziswe ensimbimaking) nomaigesi yamalahle. Le nqubo ifaka ukushisaamalahleemazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu lapho kungekhoumoya. Amakhompiyutha aguqukayo akhishwe ngalesi sikhathi sokushisa aqoqwe futhi avumelane nokwakha i-rudeibha yamalahle. Lokhu kunqunyiweibha yamalahleingxube eyinkimbinkimbi yamakhuluokuthakiweyo landelaS, ikakhulukazi ama-hydrocarbons amnandi, ama-phenol kanye ne-heterocyclic compounds. Ngokungafani nezinyeitiyelas,ibha yamalahleucebile ngokwaziokuthakiweyothandai-benzene, iTolune, ama-XLEENEES, uNaphthalene, ne-anthracnene, engakhishwa ngokuhlukahlukeneisicelos.
Ngakho-ke, ngenkathi u- "TAR" yigama elijwayelekile,ibha yamalahlekuqondileukuthayiphaiwa-itiyelangesichazi esichaziwe kahleumthombo-amalahle. LenkimbinkimbiokuthakiweyoImvelo yeibha yamalahlekwenza kube ngcono kakhulu futhi okubalulekile okubalulekileinto uqobo lwayoqhathanisa ne-genericitiyelakuthathwe kweminye imithombo ye-organic. Ukuqonda lokhu okuyisisekeloumahlukoisinyathelo sokuqala sokwazisa ububanzi bawo obubanziumsebenzis. Izakhiwo ezihlukile zeibha yamalahleisiqu ngqo kusuka ku-amalahleKuvela futhi ukucubungula okushisa okuphezulu kuyaqhubeka.
2. I-COAL TAR ichaze: Ukukhishwa okubalulekile kokucutshungulwa kwamalahle?
Ibha yamalahleempeleni yi-byproduct ebaluleke kakhulu yeamalahleIyacubungula, ngokuqondile kusuka ku-ukukhiqizwa kwe-cokenomaigesi yamalahle. Niniamalahlekufuthelwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu (kuvame ukwedlula i-900 ° C noma i-1650 °cocke. Inani elikhulu lento eguquguqukayo liqhutshwa, okuthi, lapho kupholisa, kuvumela ama-a-shubile, i-viscousuketshezi olumnyama: Chunaibha yamalahle. Lokhu akuyona nje imfucuza; Kungumcebo wengcebo weokuthakiweyo landelas. Le khasiumkhiqizoiwa-ibha yamalahleixhumeke ngokomqondo embonini yensimbi (edingacocke) kanye negesi yedolobha elingokomlandoumkhiqizo.
Ukubaluleka kweibha yamalahleilele ekwakhekeni kwayo okucebile futhi okuyinkimbinkimbi. Kuyi-cocktail yamakhulu ehlukileokuthakiweyos, ikakhulukazi ama-hydrocarbons amnandi afanai-benzene, iTolune, amaXleene, naphthalene, anthracene, kanye ne-phenolsene, kanye nama-phenols, ama-cresols, kanye nama-nitrogen - aqukethe izisekelo ezifana ne-pyridine. Abaningi balaba bantulandelaAma-S angakhishwa ngokusebenzisa i-distillation eguquguqukayo, inqubo ehlukanisa izinto ngokuya ngamaphoyinti abo abilayo. Lokhu kwenzaibha yamalahleokuluhlaza okubandayointo uqobo lwayoOkweokuthakiweyoimboni. Ukwakheka okuqondile kweibha yamalahleingahluka ngokuya ngeukuthayiphaiwa-amalahleisetshenzisiwe kanye nemibandela yenqubo ye-carbonization, ithonya okulandelayoumsebenzikanyeumphumelakususelwa kukho.
Ngokomlando,ibha yamalahle-lingeneumsebenziezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo. Ngaphambi kokunyuka kwama-petrochemicals, kwakuyinto eyinhlokoumthomboKwabaningi organicokuthakiweyoIsetshenziswa kudayi, iziqhumane, kanye nemithi. Ngisho nezinye izindlela zokwelapha ezisezingeni eliphezulu zeIzimo zesikhumbathandaI-Psoriasisna-chzema, noma izithako kuinsukuthelakaama-shampoos, ngokomlando ahlanjululweibha yamalahleNgenxa yezakhiwo zayo zokulwa nokuvuvukala kanye nokulwa nokulwa. Kodwa-ke, okuyinhloko kwayo-kwezimboni umsebenziNamuhla kugxila ekuqhubekiselweni kwayo okwengeziwe kube yiphimbo, i-creosote, namanye amafutha akhethekile, asetshenziswa ophahleni, egandayiwe, kanye nekhiqizaiwa-ikhabhoniimikhiqizo. Uhambo lweamalahlekwa-ibha yamalahleIngabe iTestament iyaziphi izinqubo zezimboni ingaguqula insiza eyinhloko ibe yimiphumela eminingi ebalulekile.
3. Ukuqonda iphimbo lamalahle
I-Coal-Tar Pitchkubalulekileumphumelakususelwa ekuqhutsheni okwengeziwe kwe-crudeibha yamalahle. Ngemuva kokuqala kokuqalaumkhiqizoiwa-ibha yamalahleukusukaamalahleI-Carbonization, yenzelwa i-distillation engcupheni. Ngale nqubo, izingxenyana ezikhethekile zokukhanya ezilula (njengamafutha akhanyayo, uwoyela we-carbolic, i-naphthalene Amafutha, uwoyela wokugeza, kanye namafutha anthracene) zisuswa emazingeni okushisa ahlukahlukene. Okuhlale ngemuva kwalezi zinto eziguqukayo ziye zaphuthulwaI-Coal-Tar Pitch. Yinsali kusuka kulokhuI-distillation yocingo lwamalahle. Lokhu kwenzaI-Coal-Tar Pitchkuhlanjululwe futhi okuhlanganisiweinto uqobo lwayoqhathanisa ne-crudeibha yamalahle.
Ubunye beI-Coal-Tar Pitchamanga ezindaweni zawo. Ngokuvamile a-mnyamanoma umnyama-onsundu amorphous-jiyileemazingeni okushisa asekamelweni, yize kungakhiqizwa futhi ngamafomu aphuzayo ngokuhlukahlukaukuhlakanipha. Izici zalo ezibalulekile zifaka amakhono amahle okuvimbela amanzi, ukumelana okuphezulu ku-okuthakiweyohlasela (ama-acid, alkalis, nosawoti), ukunamathela okuqinile ezindaweni ezihlukene, nokuphakamaikhabhoniokuqukethwe. Lezi zinto zenzaI-Coal-Tar PitchIwusizo ngokuhlukile ebangeni lokufunwa-kwezimboni isicelos. Le khasikhiqizaiwa-I-Coal-Tar Pitchingalinganiswa ukuze ifinyelele amaphuzu athile athambile futhiukuhlakaniphaamabanga, kuya ngokuhloswa kwayoumsebenzi.
Isibonelo, ukuphakama kwaloikhabhoniokuqukethwe kwenzaI-Coal-Tar PitchI-tinder ethandwayo kuumkhiqizoiwa-ikhabhoniAma-electrodes we-aluminium kanye ne-lensimbi izimboni (njenge-søderberg kanye nama-anonod ase-prebaked) kanye nama-graphite electrodes. Kusetshenziswa futhi ophahleni olwehlayo kanye nama-shingles ngenxa yezimpawu zalo ezingangeni manzi, njengeumgwengweziamapayipi ukuvikela ukugqwala, nakwezinye izipesheli ezikhethekile. Ibanga elithile leI-Coal-Tar Pitch, njengeUkushisa okuphakathi kwe-asphalt blocknomaAsphalt lokushisa eliphakeme, ibeka ukufaneleka kwayo kwalokhu kwahlukaumsebenzis. Ukuguqulwa okuvela ku-rudeibha yamalahleukucolisiswaI-Coal-Tar PitchKukhulisa kakhulu inani layo kanye nokusebenza emikhakheni ekhethekile yezimboni.
4
Cha,ibha yamalahlena-I-Coal-Tar Pitchnakanjani aguquki, yize zihlobene kakhulu. Okuyisisekeloumahlukoamanga esigabeni sawo sokucubungula kanye nokwakheka okuvela.Ibha yamalahleiyona yokuqala, i-crudeuketshezi olumnyamaI-byproduct etholwe ngqo kusuka ku-carbonization yeamalahle. Ingxube eyinkimbinkimbi equkethe uhlu oluningi lwe-realatileokuthakiweyo landelaama-molecule aphezulu. Cabanga ngakho njengoba kuluhlazainto uqobo lwayookusha kusuka kucockeOvens.
I-Coal-Tar Pitch, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyinto ecwengekileumphumelaisuselwe kwiibha yamalahlengokusebenzisa i-distillation. NgesikhathiI-distillation yocingo lwamalahle, okulula, izingxenyana eziguquguqukayo (amafutha afana ne-creosote, i-naphthalene Amafutha, njll.) ziyasuswa.I-Coal-Tar Pitchizinsalela ezisindayo, ezingezona eziguqukayo ezisele ngemuva. Lokhu kushoI-Coal-Tar Pitchinokuqoqwa okuphezulu kakhulu kwezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi, eziphakeme kakhulu ezinesisindo esinama-hydrocarbons kanye nokuqukethwe okuphansi kakhulu kwe-organic eguquguqukayolandelas (amavocs) aqhathaniswa ne-crudeibha yamalahle. Ngokuvamile a-jiyilenoma semi--jiyile into uqobo lwayoemazingeni okushisa ekamelo, kanti chaibha yamalahleuketshezi. Lokhu okusisekeloumahlukoesimweni somzimba futhiokuthakiweyoizimonyo zichaza ukwahluka kwazoisicelos.
Le khasiumsebenziAmacala abonisa ngokucacile lokhuumahluko. Phambaibha yamalahleingahle isetshenziswe ngqo kwezicelo ezithile ezindala, ezicwengekileyo noma, imvamisa, isebenza njenge-feedstock ye-distillation.I-Coal-Tar Pitch, ngezakhiwo zayo ezithile ezinjenge-highikhabhoniOkuqukethwe, amakhono amahle okubopha, kanye nokuvimbela amanzi, ku-extered ukufunwa okuthe xaxa-kwezimboniizindima. Ngokwesibonelo,umkhiqizoof carbon anodes for aluminium smelting athembele kakhulu emabangeni athileI-Coal-Tar Pitchnjenge-binder. Ubungeke usebenzise i-RAWibha yamalahleKulokhu, njengoba ama-volotiles awo angadala izinkinga ngesikhathi sokubhaka nokusebenza. Ngokufanayo, ukusebenza okuphezuluAmalahle Amalahle AmaphikoYakhelwe kalula ukuphatha nezinqubo ezithile zezimboni lapho ukuvumelana kwezimboni lapho ukungaguquguquki nobumsulwa bephimbo kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngenkathi zombili zivelaamalahle, I-Coal-Tar Pitchkusetshenzwe okwengeziwe, okukhethekile, futhi okuvame ukuba yigugu ngokwengeziweinto uqobo lwayokunomzali wayo,ibha yamalahle.
I-5
Leli yiphuzu elijwayelekile lokudideka! Ngenkathi bobabiliitiyelana-itiyela(ngqoibha yamalahle) kukhona-mnyama, okunamathelayointo uqobo lwayoKusetshenzisweumgwaqo ukwakhaFuthi ukuvala, kuhlukahluka ngamakhemikhali futhi kube nemvelaphi ehlukile. Le khasiitiyelaisetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi imigwaqo egandayiwe namuhlaasphalt e-petroleum, eyaziwa nangokuthi yiBitumen. Kungukuphazamiseka kwei-petroleumukucwilisa. Lapho kungukuhluzwaamafuthaKuhlutshiwe, izingxenyana ezilula ezinjengophethiloli, udizili, nophethiloli we-jet uyasuswa. Izinsalela ezisindayo, ezi-viscous ezisele ezansiasphalt e-petroleum.
Ibha yamalahle, njengoba sixoxile, kuvela e-carbonization yeamalahle. Laphoibha yamalahlenezinto zayo ezivelaI-Coal-Tar Pitchbabesetshenziselwa ngokomlandoumgwaqoesebenzisa i-surfacing kanye nama-sealants (futhi namanje ekhethekileisicelonoma izifunda),asphalt e-petroleumusephenduke indawo eveleleinto uqobo lwayoEmhlabeni jikelele ngenxa yezizathu eziningana, kufaka phakathi izindleko, ukutholakala, kanye nezimpawu zokusebenza ezenzelwe zanamuhlaumgwaqoamanethiwekhi. Le khasiumahlukokwazookuthakiweyoukwakheka kubalulekile:asphalt e-petroleumliqukethe ikakhulukazi ama-hydrocarbons a-alliphatic kanye nakwa-naphthenic, kantiibha yamalahleucebile ngama-hydrocarbons amnandi. LeliumahlukoIthinta izakhiwo zabo, njengokucabanga kwabo ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa, ukumelana nomoya, kanye nephunga labo.
Ngakho-ke, lapho ubona iqembu eligoqiwe aumgwaqo, kungenzeka basebenzisa kakhuluasphalt e-petroleum. Kubalulekile ukuthiumsebenziimigomoitiyelana-itiyelangokushintshana kulolu mongo, ikakhulukazi ezingxoxweni zobuchwepheshe, njengoba kuholela ekubuleleni mayelana neinto uqobo lwayo'umthombokanye nezakhiwo. Ngenkathi bobabili bengakwazigandayaingaphezulu futhi lenze-mnyamakanye nokungamelananga amanzi, ukusebenza kwabo ngaphansi kwethrafikhi,-yimzukeniUkucatshangelwa maqondanaukuchayekanokubaleka, kanye ukuhambisana nokunyeinto uqobo lwayokuyahluka. Ngokwesibonelo,ibha yamalahleAma-sealants ayaziwa ngokumelana kwawo okuhle kakhului-petroleum-I-Fuels -BASEDS E-SOLSES, IPHEPHA LIQHAWE LOKUQHAWULA KAKHULUasphalt e-petroleum. Ukukhetha phakathi kwabo ngokuqondileukwakhaIphrojekthi imvamisa incike kwizidingo zokusebenza, imithetho yendawo, nezindleko.
6 Iqhaza likaPetroleum: Ngabe uwoyela ongahluziwe uxhumeke kanjani e-asphalt neminye imikhiqizo yezimboni?
I-petroleum, noma i-crudeamafutha, kuvela ngokwemvelo, okuphuzi-uketshezi olumnyamaetholakala ngaphansi komhlaba womhlaba, ongacwengiswa ukukhiqiza uhlu olukhulu lwamafutha futhi-kwezimboni umphumelas. Ukuxhumana kwayo kuitiyelaiqondile futhi iyisisekelo: okuvame kakhuluukuthayiphaiwa-itiyelaKusetshenziswe namuhla, ikakhulukaziumgwaqoukuzula, kuyintoasphalt e-petroleum(bitumen), okuyi-suselwangqo kusuka ekucolisweni kwei-petroleum. Ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwe-distillaal of rudeamafutha, Izakhi zihlukaniswe ngokususelwa kumaphoyinti abo abilayo. Izingxenyana ezilula njengephethiloli, uphalafini, futhi udizili zisuswa kuqala, zishiya izingxenye ezisindayo.Asphalt e-petroleumyingxenyena nengxenyeni enkulu kunazo zonke ebonakalayo, okuseleyo okusele-kwe-the-the-barrel.
Izakhiwo ezithile zeasphalt e-petroleumKwenze kube yi-binder enhle ye-aggregates (njengetshe nesihlabathi) ukudalaitiyelaukhonkolo, okusetshenziselwa imigwaqo egandayiwe kakhulu. Imvelo yayo ye-viscoelastic ikuvumela ukuthi iqine futhi iqinile kodwa iguquguquke kodwa iguquguquke ngokwanele ukubekezelela imithwalo yethrafikhi kanye nokuhluka kokushisa. Le khasiumkhiqizoiwa-asphalt e-petroleumingalawulwa ukuveza amamaki ahlukile ngobulukhuni obuhlukahlukene futhiukuhlakanipha, ilungele izimo zezulu ezahlukahlukene nezimo zethrafikhi. Lokhu kwenzai-petroleumOkubucayiumthombo into uqobo lwayoOkomhlaba wonkeukwakhaimboni.
Phambiliitiyelaimigwaqo,i-petroleumyi-umthombowezinto eziningi ezinye-kwezimboni umphumelas. Ama-petrochemicals, athathwe kuwoi-petroleumkanye negesi yemvelo, kusetshenziselwakhiqizaamapulasitiki, ama-voltetic dubaretic, solovents, umanyolo, kanye nobuningi babanyeokuthakiweyos. Ngisho nezinye izinhlobo zeIkhabhoni emnyama, isetshenziswa njenge-pigment kanye nokuqinisa i-ejenti ngamathayi kanye nenye irabhaumphumelas, kungakhiqizwa kusukai-petroleumAma-Feedstocks. Ngenkathi ukugxila kwethu okuyinhloko lapha kuvame ukuvukubaibha yamalahlekanye nokutholwa kwayo, kubalulekile ukuqaphelai-petroleumNjengomunye omkhuluumthomboye-hydrocarbons ephetha umhlaba wethu futhi inikeze okubalulekileinto uqobo lwayoS ngempilo yanamuhla, kufaka phakathi i-Ubiquitous-mnyamaindawo evuthayointo uqobo lwayosiyabizaitiyela. Isilinganiso esikhulu sei-petroleumUkucwilisa kusho lokhoasphalt e-petroleumngokuvamile itholakala kabanzi futhi ingabizi kakhulu kumaphrojekthi amakhulu okudalula.
7. Ukuqhathanisa ama-Titans: umehluko okhiye ophakathi kweTar yamalahle, asphalt, kanye nemikhiqizo kaphethiloli esetshenziswayo nasezakhiweni?
Ukuqonda umehluko osemqoka phakathiibha yamalahleimikhiqizo,asphalt e-petroleum, nokunyei-petroleum-sipholoshiweinto uqobo lwayos kubalulekile ekukhetheni okulungileumphumelangokuqondileisicelo. Ngenkathi kungenzeka zivele-fanayo(e.g.,-mnyama, i-viscous), imvelaphi yabo,okuthakiweyoIzingoma, kanye nezici zokusebenza kwenzakalelayo kakhulu.Ibha yamalahlenefomu layo elicwengekile,I-Coal-Tar Pitch, bavelaamalahle, ngenkathiasphalt e-petroleum(bitumen) nokunyei-petroleumImikhiqizo yile-suselwakusuka ku-rudeamafutha.
Ibha yamalahleimikhiqizo icebile ku-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ama-pahs), ibanikeze ukumelana okuhle kakhulunisela, amafutha, amafutha, kanyeokuthakiweyos. Lokhu kubenza balungele ukugqoka okuvikelayo, ama-sealants ezindaweni ezifunwayo, kanye nama-binders ngaphakathiikhabhoniimikhiqizo efana ne-electrodes (ngenxa yokuphakamaikhabhoniVeza). Kodwa-ke, ukuba khona kweUkubophafuthi kusho ukuphatha ngokucophelela futhi-yimzukeniUkucatshangelwa maqondanaukuchayekaziyadingeka.Ibha yamalahleIzinto ezisekelwe ezisekelwe zivame ukumelana kakhulu nokuwohloka kwe-UV kunezinyei-petroleumasphalts.
Asphalt e-petroleum, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuyinhloko yakhiwa ngama-hydrocarbons a-aliphatic ne-naphthenic. Kuyinto eveleleinto uqobo lwayoingomaneumgwaqoUkubopha ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezinhle zokubopha ezinama-aggregates, ukuguquguquka, kanye nokusebenza kwezindleko ngezinga elikhulu. Ngenkathi ihlinzeka ngamaphesenti amangaki, ukumelana kwayo kuyoi-petroleum-BASED SOLVES ngokuvamile iphansi kunaleyoibha yamalahle. -Nye njei-petroleumimikhiqizo, efana namafutha nezithako, zinezingoma ezihlukile (amaketanga alula ama-hydrocarbon) futhiumsebenzis. Le khasiumahlukophakathi kwa-okuthakiweyo landelaukwakheka kuholela kumazinye amakhono ahlukahlukene, ama-visuosities, kanye nokufaneleka okuhlukahlukene-kwezimboniizinqubo. Ngokwesibonelo,umkhiqizokwezingubo ezithile ezikhethekile zingahle zitholeibha yamalahlengokumelana kwayo kwamakhemikhali aphezulu, ngenkathi ukugcwala okuphezulu kakhulu kuzocishe kube njaloumsebenzi asphalt e-petroleum.
Nakhu ukuqhathanisa okwenziwe lula:
| Ubuso | I-Coal Tar / Coal-Tar Pitch | I-Petroleum asphalt (bitumen) | Eminye imikhiqizo ye-petroleum (e.g., amafutha) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Umthombo | Amalahle(Carbonalization Byproduct) | I-petroleum(i-crude uwoyela refiring refiding residing) | I-petroleum(Izingxenyana ezicwengisiwe) |
| Ukwakheka okuphambili kwamakhemikhali | I-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHS) | I-Aliphatic & Naphthenic Hydrocarbons | Ama-Hydrocarbons alula (Alkanes, njll) |
| Ukusetshenziswa Okuqala | I-Electrode Binder, ukumboza okuvikelayo, ama-sealants, uphahla, okhethekileImikhiqizo ye-Asphalt | Umgwaqoukudonsa, ukuphapha, ukuphazamisa amanzi | Amafutha, ama-lubrantants, ama-solvents, amapulasitiki |
| Ukumelana noSolvent | Ngokuvamile ephezulu (ikakhulukazi ku-petroleum solcents) | Okulinganiselwe kuya phansi | Kuyehluka (abaningi bayizixazululo ngokwabo) |
| Ukumelana ne-UV | Kuhle kakhulu | Kulungile kokuhle (kungathuthukiswa ngezithasiselo) | Ngokuvamile (hhayi ukuvezwa isikhathi eside) |
| Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni | Phezulu (ikakhulukazi ngaphakathiI-Coal-Tar Pitch) | -Ngeqile | Kuyehluka (kuphansi kune-pitch noma asphalt) |
| Ukukhathazeka kwemvelo | Ukubophadinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela, okungenzekaubuntuImithelela yezempilo nge-relongiedukuchayeka. | Ukukhishwa kwe-VOC ngesikhathi sokunye izicelo, ukukhathazeka kwama-runoff. | Ukukhishwa kokuhlanganisa, ukuchitheka. |
Leli tafula liqokomisa ukuthi ukukhethwa kweinto uqobo lwayokuncike kakhulu kwizidingo ezithile zeisicelo, kufaka phakathi izidingo zokusebenza,-yimzukeniImithetho, nezindleko. Njengefektri, sisebenza ngokukhethekileibha yamalahleimikhiqizo futhi uqonde ama-nuances awenza abe yinto efanelekile-kwezimboniImikhakha.
8. Kungani kudonswa i-TORC yekhwalithi ephezulu kanye ne-petroleum coke kubucayi kwebhizinisi lakho?
Kumabhizinisi afana nalawo aphethwe nguMark Thompson, okungenzeka ukuthi uthengeibha yamalahleimikhiqizo (efanaI-Coal Tar Pitch) FuthiUPetroleum Cokengokuthengisa kabusha kuma-aluminium smelters, amamitha ensimbi, nomaUkwakhiwa komgwaqoIzinkampani, zithola ikhwalithi ephezuluinto uqobo lwayoakuyona nje ukukhetha - kuyisidingo esiyisisekelo. Izinga lalokhu okuluhlazainto uqobo lwayoInomthelela ngqo ekusebenzeni kokuphelaumphumelas kanye ukusebenza kwe-kwezimboniizinqubo ezisetshenzisiwe. Isibonelo, ekunyisweni kwe-aluminium, ubumsulwa kanye nokungaguquguquki kweI-Coal-Tar Pitchisetshenziswe njenge-binder yeikhabhoniAnodes agricidence. Ukungcola noma ukuhlukahluka kwekhwalithi ye-pitch kungaholela ekwahlulekeni kwama-anode, ukukhuphuka kokusetshenziswa kwamandla, futhi kunciphise i-aluminiumumkhiqizoUkusebenza kahle. Ngokufanayo, ikhwalithi yeUPetroleum Coke(ikakhulukazi kufakweUPetroleum Coke) kuthinta ukusebenza kwayo njenge-ikhabhoniumphetho ensimbi ensimbi noma njengento eluhlazainto uqobo lwayofor anome.
Ikhwalithi ephansiibha yamalahlenomaUPetroleum Cokeangakwazi ukwethula izinkinga eziningi. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukungahambelaniukuhlakaniphanoma ukuthambisa amaphuzu ngaphakathiI-Coal-Tar Pitch, okuholela ebunzimeni bokucubungula futhiumphumelaiziphambeko. IngomaneUPetroleum Coke, kunezindaba ezinjengokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesibabule, udaba oluguquguqukayo ngokweqile, noma izinsimbi ezingathandeki ze-trace zingathinta kabiumsebenziezinqubweni ze-metallurgical noma zinikele-yimzukeniIzinselelo Zokuhambisana. Njengomuntu kuumkhiqizoUhlangothi, njengami, Allen, ngizibonele mathupha ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kwekhwalithi yokudla kungaqala kuyo yonke iketanga lokukhiqiza. Sitshale imali kakhulu ku-7 yethuumkhiqizoimigqa yokuqinisekisa ukuthi singacubungula okuluhlazaibha yamalahlengempumelelo futhi ukhiqize ngokungaguquki, osezingeni eliphakemeI-Coal-Tar Pitchnezinye izinto zokutholwa.
Maka ukukhathazeka kukaThompson ngokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi kanye nezitifiketi ngakho-ke kusebenza ngokuphelele. Abahlinzeki abanokwethenjelwa kumele bahlinzeke ngokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi okuphelele, okubandakanya ukubambelela kumazinga aphesheya (njenge-ISO) kanye nokubikwa okusobala kweumphumelaImininingwane. Ukukhwabanisa Kwezitifiketi kuyinkinga enkulu, futhi abathengi badinga abalingani abazibophezele ebuqothweni. Ukugoqa okusezingeni eliphezuluibha yamalahlena-UPetroleum Cokefuthi inciphisa-yimzukeniubungozi obuhambisana nokungcola nokuqinisekisa ukuthi owokugcinaisicelohlangana nezidingo zokulawula. Ekugcineni, ikhwalithi engaguquki iholela ekusebenzeni okungcono, inciphise izinkinga zokusebenza, kanye nedumela elinamandla lamabhizinisi afana noMarku anikeze lokhu okubucayiinto uqobo lwayoS to play-abasebenzisi. Kungukutshalwa kwemali ethembeni nasekwanelisekeni kwamakhasimende.
Imakethe yeibha yamalahleImikhiqizo ihlukahlukene, enamabanga ahlukene namafomu ahlelwe ngokuqondile-kwezimboni isicelos. Ukukhetha okulungileumphumelakubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokusebenza kwezindleko. Isihluthuleloisicelosibha yamalahleUkutholwa, ikakhulukaziI-Coal-Tar Pitch, faka itsumsebenzinjenge-binder kukhiqizaiwa-ikhabhoniI-Anodes ye-Aluminium Smelting Smoreling kanye ne-graphite electrodes ye-Electric ARC izitha ezinsimbi. Phezulu kwayoikhabhoniOkuqukethwe nenani elihle kakhulu lokukhangisa kubaluleke kakhulu lapha. Omunye omkhuluumsebenziisezintweni zophahla, lapho izakhiwo zayo ezingenzi manzi zibaluleke kakhulu.Ibha yamalahleama-enamel kanye nezimbozo nazo zisetshenziselwa ukuvikela amapayipi kanye nezakhiwo zasolwandle ezivela ekugcekeni ngenxa yokumelana kwawo okuphezuluniselana-okuthakiweyos.
Lapho ukhetha aibha yamalahle umphumela, kuhlangana izinto eziningana. Iphoyinti elidingekayo lokuthambisa liyipharamitha ebucayi ye-pitches, inqume izinga lokushisa laphointo uqobo lwayoshintsha kusuka ku-bringle-jiyileesimweni sepulasitiki ngaphezulu.UkuhlakaniphaNgokushisa kwesicelo futhi kubalulekile ukuphatha nokucutshungulwa. Isibonelo, aAsphalt lokushisa eliphakeme(Imvamisa ebhekisa ku-High Soafting Point Pitch) iyadingeka ukuthola izicelo ezibandakanya amazinga okushisa aphezulu okusebenza, ngenkathi aUkushisa okuphakathi kwe-asphalt blockingahle ilungele ezinye izinhloso zokubopha noma zokuhlanganisa. Okuqukethwe kwezakhi ezithile njenge-Quinoline Inullubles (Qi), i-Toluune insLolubs (TI), kanye nama-beta-resins nawo athonya ukusebenza kwe-pitch njenge-binder.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezicelo ezifanaumgwaqo ukwakhanoma ukulungisa, okukhethekileibha yamalahle-BASED SEALACS nomaAsphalt eguquliweimikhiqizo (kwesinye isikhathi okungenzekaibha yamalahleKususelwa noma okuhlanganisiwe) kungakhethwa ukuqina kwawo okuthuthukile nokumelana nokuchitheka kwamafutha. Njengomnikazi wefektri, mina, alln, ngaso sonke isikhathi seluleka amakhasimende njengoMark Thompson ukuchaza ngokucacile ukuphela kwabo-umsebenzinezidingo zokusebenza. Lokhu kusivumela ukuthi sincome okufanele kakhuluibha yamalahle umphumela, noma ngabe yibanga elijwayelekile noma ukwakhiwa ngokwezifiso. Ukuqonda amashidi wedatha yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuqinisekisaumphumelaIhlangabezana namazinga emboni efanelekile kubalulekile. Sivame ukusebenza namakhasimende ukuqinisekisa ukuthiibha yamalahle umphumelabakhetha ebangeni lethu, kungaba yi-flakes, amabhlokhi, noma uketshezi, ahlangana ngokuphelele nezoumkhiqizoizinqubo kanye nokulindelwe kwekhwalithi. Imayelana nokufanisa izakhiwo ezihlukile zeibha yamalahlekwizidingo eziqondile zeisicelo.
10. Ukuthola umphakeli othembekile eChina: Yini okufanele abathengi abanjengoMark Thompson babeka phambili phambili?
Kwabathengi bamazwe omhlaba njengoMark Thompson kusuka e-USA, SURCININGibha yamalahleimikhiqizo kanyeUPetroleum CokeUkusuka emazweni asathuthuka afana neChina anganikeza amanani entengo yokuncintisana. Kodwa-ke, kuza nezinselelo ezingaba khona. Ngakho-ke, ukubeka phambili izinto ezithile lapho ukhetha umphakeli kubalulekile ngenqubo ebushelelezi nephumelelayo yokuthenga. Ukukhathazeka okusemqoka kukaMarku - Ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi, izitifiketi, izifundo, nezindlela zokukhokha - yiphi umthengi oqondayo okufanele agxile kuzo. Amaphoyinti akhe ezinhlungu, njengokubambezeleka okungasebenzi kahle nokubambezeleka kokuthumela, aqokomisa isidingo somlingani onokwethenjelwa ngokweqiniso.
Okokuqala nokubaluleke kakhulu,ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithikubaluleke kakhulu. OkuthembekileIfektri yamalahlekufanele kube nezinhlelo zokulawula ezisezingeni eliphakeme endaweni, kusuka eluhlazainto uqobo lwayo (amalahle) Ukungena kokugcinaumphumelaDispatch. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwamapharamitha asemqoka (iphuzu elithambisayo,ukuhlakanipha, Okuqukethwe kwe-ASH, Qi, TI, njll.) Nokubambelela kumazinga aphesheya. Abathengi kufanele babheke abahlinzeki abacacile ngezinqubo zabo zokuhlola futhi bazimisele ukuhlinzeka ngezitifiketi zokuhlaziywa (COAS) ezivela kuma-lab ahlonishwayo, azimele uma eceliwe. Njengefektri eno-7umkhiqizoimigqa, thina ku-gfty siyakuqonda ukubaluleka kokungaguquguquki, futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi sethuibha yamalahlena-I-Coal-Tar Pitchimikhiqizo ihlangabezana nokucaciswa okuqinile. Izitifiketi ezivumelekile, njenge-ISO 9001 yokuphathwa kwekhwalithi kanye ne-ISO 14001 ye-yimzukeniAbaphathi, izinkomba ezinhle zokuzibophezela komhlinzeki. Ukuhlangenwe nakho kukaMarku ngokukhwabanisa ngesitifiketi ngezikhathi ezithile kugcizelela isidingo sokuqinisekisa le mibhalo.
I-Logistics nokuxhumana kunezinye izindawo ezibucayi. Abathengisi abahlangenwe nakho bafana nathi, bathumele njalo e-USA, eNyakatho Melika, e-Australia, baqonde ubunzima bokuthumela kwamanye amazwe, imvume yenkambiso, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukulethwa ngesikhathi. Ukuxhumana okucacile, okusheshayo, nokusebenzayo, mhlawumbe nabamele abathengisi abanokuqonda okuhle kweumphumelaFuthi izidingo zomthengi (noma ngabe zingezona ezobuchwepheshe ezijulile), zingavimba ukungaqondani nokubambezeleka. Ukulungisa iphuzu lobuhlungu likaMarku ngokukhulumisana okungasebenzi kubalulekile; Umphakeli kufanele asebenze futhi aphendule. Izindlela zokukhokha eziguquguqukayo nezivikelekile nazo zinomthelela ebudlelwaneni othembekile. Ekugcineni, abathengi abanjengoMark kufanele bafune ukubambisana kwesikhathi eside ngeIfektri ephezulu ye-Coal Tar Pitch kanye nomhlinzekilokho kukhombisa hhayi nje amanani entengo yokuncintisana, kepha nokuzibophezela okungagugi kukhwalithi, ukwethenjwa, kanye nensizakalo yamakhasimende, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ubungozi obuhambisanaukuchayekaukuhlinzeka ukuphazamiseka kwe-chain.
Ukubekezela okusemqoka ukukhumbula:
- Itiyelayisikhathi esivamile;ibha yamalahlengokukhethekile ukuprouct of byproduct ofamalahleI-Carbonization, ecebile nge-amomaticokuthakiweyos.
- I-Coal-Tar Pitchyinsali ehlanzekile evelaibha yamalahledistillation, imvamisa a-jiyilenge-Highikhabhoniokuqukethwe, okusetshenziswe njenge-binder futhi nokufaka ngaphansi kwamanzi.
- Itiyelaisetshenziswe ngaphakathiumgwaqoUkubuka ngokujwayelekileasphalt e-petroleum(bitumen), izinsalela ezivela ku-rudeamafuthaukucwilisa, kuhluke ngamakhemikhali kusukaibha yamalahle.
- I-petroleumyi-umthomboiwa-asphalt e-petroleumnamanye amafutha amaningi futhi-kwezimboni umphumelas.
- Le khasiumahlukoSAMUHLA (amalahlevs.i-petroleum) kuholele ehlukileokuthakiweyoizingoma, izakhiwo, kanyeisiceloS kulokhu-mnyama, i-viscousinto uqobo lwayos.
- Ingomane-kwezimboniisebenzisa ukubhema okufana ne-aluminium, ensimbi, kanye nezingubo ezikhethekile, izakhiwo ezithile zeibha yamalahlena-I-Coal-Tar Pitch(e.g., phezuluikhabhoni, okuthakiweyoUkumelana) kubhekwa kakhulu.
- Ukugoqa okusezingeni eliphezuluibha yamalahleimikhiqizo kanyeUPetroleum CokeKudinga ukukhethwa komhlinzeki ngokucophelela, ukugxila ekuqinisekisweni kwekhwalithi, izitifiketi ezivumelekile, ukuhlelwa okuthembekile, kanye nokuxhumana okucacile ukugwema izingqinamba ezinjengabanikazi ababhekene noMark Thompson.
- Ukuqonda ama-nuances phakathi kwalokhuinto uqobo lwayoS isiza ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinolwazi zezinhlobonhloboukwakhana--kwezimboni isiceloS, ukuqinisekisa ilungeloumphumelaisetshenziselwa inhloso efanele.
Isikhathi sePosi: 05-19-2025
