Ukuqonda i-Part yeCart Pat: Isikhokelo esibanzi kule nto iguquguqukayo

I-Coal Tat, i-theaquitious kodwa ihlala ingaqondakaliyo izinto ezibonakalayo, lilitye lesiseko soshishino lwangoku. Le nto emnyama, i-Vikous, i-visproulect yokuqhubekeka, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kuyo yonke into ukusuka kwi-Aleminium Smelting kunye nemveliso yentsimbi ukuvelisa imveliso ye-carbon yokusebenza ephezulu. Ukuba ubandakanyeka ekuthengweni kwamashishini njenge-aluminium, intsimbi, okanye igrafu ye-elektrode ye-elektrode, ukuqonda intsingiselo yeI-Coal tat-Iepropathi zayo, izicelo, ukufunyanwa, kunye nokuphatha-kubalulekile ukuba wenze izigqibo ezinolwazi. Eli nqaku ligqogqa kwihlabathi liphelaI-Coal tat, ukuphonononga uhambo lwayo ukusuka kwizinto ezingafunekiyo ukuze uzibonakaleishishiniIcandelo, elichaza ukuba kutheni ukhetha ilungeloumboneleliImicimbi, kunye nokujongana nokuqwalaselwa kwentloko njengomgangatho kunye nokhuseleko. Njengomvelisi onamava abanzi (igama lam ngu-Allen, kwaye umzi-mveliso wethu eTshayina usebenza kwimveliso yesi-7 ethunyelwa kwi-USA e-USA kunye nabanye abafuna ukuthembeka, ekumgangatho ophezului-pitchiimveliso.

1. Ithini kanye kanye i-coal tapt? Inkangeleko yesiseko

I-Coal tatNgokwenyaniintsalelaishiye emva emva kweUkudibanaye-coal tar. I-ATA yeCoal ngokwayo ilukhuni, i-Great ulwelo olufunyenwe njengengemvelisoXa amalahle eshushu kakhulu ekungabikho komoya, inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-carbonization, ikakhulu ngexeshaukwenziwayei-cokeKwintsimbiishishini. Cinga ngayo ngolu hlobo: I-Coal tage inomxube ontsonkothileyo wexabisoikhemikhaliimichiza. Xa sibushushu ngenyameko kwaye sahlulahlula la macandelo (njengenaphthalene, phenol, kwayei-anthraceneIoyile), izinto ezinzima, ezinzima ezisele zisekupheleniI-Coal tat.

Oku kubangelai-pitchyi-semi-eqinileyo ukuya kumnyama oqinileyointokubushushu begumbi, ukuba yinto enkulu,Vidiyoulwelo xa ushushu. Imeko yayo yomzimba ixhomekeke kakhulu kubushushu kunye okhethekileyoIbangayei-pitch. Kubunjwe ikakhulu ngomxube ontsonkothileyo we-upolitic hydrocarbons (pahs), kunye nezixa ezincinci ze-heterocyclic kunye ne-phenols. Ngqoukwakhiwainokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kumalahle empatho kunye nenkqubo yokuphambanisa esetyenzisiweyo, yiyo ukuba kutheni ulawulo oluqhelekileyo oluvela kwiumboneleliibalulekile. Ezi zixhobo, zihlala zibizwa ngokubai-pitch, yindlela umqolo wokugqibelaishishiniiinkqubo.

Ukuqonda le nkcazo isisiseko linyathelo lokuqala.I-pitchayisiyo nje i-byplicle elula; Sisixhobo esicokisekileyo ngononophelo esineepropathi ezithile esilungelelaniswe kwizicelo ezifunwayo. Yiiveliswe yilahlekoUkulungiswa kwaye yinto ebalulekileyo ebalulekileyo, hayi inkunkuma. Imo yayo eyahlukileyo yokubopha kunye nendalo yecarbon yenza ukuba ingabaluleki.

2. Iveliswe njani i-TAPIP ephezulu ye-TAR TAL PAT? Uhambo lokudibana

Uhambo olusuka kwi-raal coal raal ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezuluI-Coal tatkubandakanya inkqubo yengqondo ebizwa ngokuba yintando ekhethekileyo. Le nkqubo izahlula ngononophelo izinto ezahlukeneyo ze-crade cal esekwe kwiindawo zabo ezahlukeneyo zokubila. Ekuqaleni, i-cral yamalahle etyhefu ishushu kakhulu. Njengoko iqondo linyukayo, i-oyile elula njengeoyile yokukhanya, ioyile yecarbolic (equlathephenol),naphthaleneioyile, kunye nokuhlamba i-oyile valize kwaye ziqokelelwe kumaqondo ahlukeneyo obushushu.

Yintoni ekhoyo emva kwale migangatho ilula isusiwe yii-pitch. Ubukhulu beUkudibanaichaza iipropathi zezokugqibelai-pitch, ngakumbiindawo yokuthambisa-Iqondo lobushushu apho liqala khona ukufezekisa phantsi kweemeko zovavanyo oluthile. Ngokulawula ubushushu bokugqibela kunye nexesha lokuphamba, abavelisi njengathi banokuvelisa amabakala ahlukeneyoI-Coal tatUkulungelelaniswa kwiimfuno ezithile zezamashishini, ukusukela kumabakala e-SOFTER ngeendawo ezinemigangatho ephantsi ukuya kumabakala anzima kakhuluIqondo lokushisa eliphezuluUkuxhathisa.

Ulawulo loMgangatho kuleukwenziwaInkqubo yeyona nto iphambili. Iyahambelanaukufudumeza, ulawulo lobushushu oluchanekileyo, kunye nokwahlula-hlula kwamaqhezu kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumoI-Coal tatdibana ngqo ngqo kulungiso lweepropathi ezinjeindawo yokuthambisa, Ixabiso lokuhamba, i-quineline incoollis (qi), i-toluene i-insullene (ti), kwayei-ashUmxholo. Oku kuqinisekisa ii-pitchYenza ngokuthembekileyo njengei-binderokanye ongenakuthelekiswa nanto kwisicelo sayo sokugqibela. Yonke inkqubo ifuna ubuchule obubalulekileyo bobuchwephesha kunye nezixhobo ezomeleleyo zokuvelisa ukungaguquguqukii-pitchimveliso.

3. Yintoni eyenza i-pitch ye-coal pitch ibaluleke kakhulu kumzi mveliso? Ukuvula iipropathi eziphambili

Ixabiso leI-Coal tatisuka kwindibaniselwano yayo eyahlukileyo yokwenyama kwayeikhemikhaliiipropathi. Okokuqala, amandla ayo abophelelayo ubophelelekile. Xa ushushu,i-pitchithambe kwaye iyahamba, imanzi ngokufanelekileyo kwaye icaphukisa ezinye izinto ezifanaI-Petroleum Cokeokanye i-anticracte. Ekupholeni okanye ngaphezuluukufudumeza(Ikharbhonization), yenza inqabile, inqabileikhabhoniIMatrix, ibopha ezi zinto zidibeneyo kunye. Oku kwenza ukuba ikhulei-binderkwiukwenziwayeikhabhoniama-anodes,igrafu electroniki, kwayeintlawuloizixhobo.

Okwesibini,I-Coal tatinento ephezuluikhabhoniUmxholo kunye nexabiso eliphezulu lokuhamba. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa sele efudumele amaqondo obushushu aphezulu xa engabikho emoyeni, ivelisa inani elikhulu lesisekoikhabhoni (i-pitch coke), Ukwenza igalelo kwisakhiwo kunye nokuphumelela kwemveliso yokugqibela, njengeigrafu electronikiisetyenziswe kwi-Arc yombaneiziko. Isakhiwo sayo esinempritic sinegalelo ekumiselweni kweigrafungexesha lokunqongophala kweqondo lobushushu (i-grabritiz).

Ezinye iipropathi ezibalulekileyo zibandakanya indalo ye-thermoplastic (i-ithanjisiweyoukufudumeza, qinisa ekupholeni), iphantsii-ashUmxholo (ukungcola), ukuqhutywa kombane okuhle kwifom yayo yekharboble edityanisiweyo, kwaye ukumelana namanzi kunye neekhemikhali, kukwenza kufanelekile ukukhuselwaukuthuthumelaizicelo. OkhethekileyoIbangayei-pitchiya kubiza iipropathi ezinjeindawo yokuthambisa, i-viscofity, kunye nexabiso lokuhamba, ukuvumela abasebenzisi ukuba bakhethe eyona ifanelekileyoUhlobo lwe-pitchngenkqubo yabo. Ezi mpawu zendalo zenzaI-Coal tatIsixhobo esibalulekileyo esibalulekileyo kumashishini ahlukeneyo amaninzi.

4. Nguwuphi amashishini axhomekeke kakhulu kwi-Coal tatch ye-coal tapt? Izicelo eziphambili eziphononongiweyo

I-Coal tatNgaba izinto ezibonakalayo zenkonzo, zibalulekile kumashishini amaninzi amaninzi. Izicelo zayo ziyahluka, ziyifumana iipropathi zayo ezizodwa njengei-binder, ukungafihli, kunye nomthombo weikhabhoni. Nazi ezinye iindawo eziphambili aphoisetyenzisiwe:

• Ishishini lealuminium:Oku ngenkangeleko enkuluI-Coal tat. Isebenza njengeyona nto iphambilii-binderkubaI-Petroleum Cokekwaye iphinde isetyenziselwe i-anode i-butts kwiukwenziwayekharbon amathamsan esetyenziswa kwi-Hown-Horoulti-aluminium inyibilikayo. Umgangatho wei-pitchImpembelelo ngqo kwi-Anode ukusebenza kwayei-aluminiumukusebenza ngempumelelo.
• Ishishini lensimbi: I-Coal tatisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweintlawuloizitena kunye ne-monolithic ye-violithic ye-lining amaqondo obushushu aphezuluiziko, kuquka iziko lenyama kunye ne-Arc yombaneiziko. Ukukwazi kwayo ukwenza amandlaikhabhoniIbhondi kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu inika ukumelana nokuchasana nokuntywila kunye nokungena kwentsimbi. Ikwasetyenziswa kwi-tamey cleys.
• Imveliso ye-elektrode ye-elektrode:Umgangatho ophezuluI-Coal tat (Ibakala le-electrode) kubalulekile ukuvelisaigrafu electroniki, esetyenziswa kwi-Arc yombaneiziko.I-metrilljelicaliinkqubo. Isebenza njengei-binderukwenzela ii-cokeamasuntswana kunye nearhente yokungasebenziyo ukonyusa uxinzelelo kunye namandla ebhakiwei-electrode. Ibango leigrafu electronikiIfuthe ngqoi-pitchUkusetyenziswa.
• I-Coayinti kunye nezityholo:Ngenxa yokuphuma kwamanzi anezinzi kunye nembeko,i-pitchisetyenziselwa ukukhuselaI-CoasthingsImibhobho, iitanki, kunye nezakhi zaselwandle. Ikwayinxalenye eluphahlani njengokuziva kunye nezityholo zendlela, ukuxhomekeka kwimozulu.I-Coal Tar Pitch Flakeszihlala zinikezelwa kwezi zicelo.
• Ezinye iimveliso zekhabhoni: I-pitchisebenza njengomphambili wezinto ezikhethekileyoikhabhoniiimveliso ezinjeI-carbon fiber, i-carbon esebenzayo (nangona ingaqhelekanga ngoku), kunye ne-carbon-carbon. Ikwasetyenziswa kwiukutshataImveliso njengenxalenye ye-haches engundoqo kunye nokubumbaI-Coasthings.

Ukugxila kunye neempawu zentsebenzo zeI-Coal tatyenza ukuba ibaluleke kakhuluishishiniIzixhobo ezinoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo.

5. Kutheni i-pitch i-binder ethandwayo ye-Aluminim ye-anodes?

Kwiprayimarii-aluminiumUmzi mveliso, ukuveliswa kokucoceka okuphezului-aluminiumIxhomekeke kwi-electrolysis ye-alumina (ialuminigum oxide) inyibilikisiwe kwi-moliten isikhalali. Le nkqubo ifuna inkuluikhabhoniama-anodes, ochithwa ngexesha lokuphendula.I-Coal tatNgaba ukhetha ngokupheleleyoi-binderUkwenza i-Adedas, ngokuyintloko ngenxa yezizathu ezibini: iipropathi zayo ezibophelelayo kunye nokuphakama kwayoikhabhoniYima kancinci.

Ii-pitchkufuneka imanzi ngokufanelekileyoI-Petroleum CokeGcwalisa, gcwalisa i-voids phakathi kwamasuntswana, kwaye unike amandla "aluhlaza" oluhlaza olwaneleyo lomxube ngaphambi kokubhaka. Xa luhlazaanode(umxube we-coke kwayei-pitch) Ibhakwe kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu (malunga ne-1100-1200 ° C), iI-Coal tatiphantsii-carbonization. Ibolile kwaye iguqula ibe ngamandla, iphumelele ngombaneikhabhoniIMatrix (i-pitch coke) ebopha ii-cokeamasuntswana kunye. Eli xabiso liphakamileyo leCingi liqinisekisa ukuba i-anod anode ifunekaukuxinana, amandla, kunye nokuxhathisa kombane okuphantsi kuyimfuneko kwinkqubo yokunyibilika.

Ngapha koko, okhethekileyoukwakhiwa kweekhemikhaliyeI-Coal tat, ngakumbi ubume bayo obuvuzayo kakhulu, banegalelo ekuxhaphazweni kukaNode kwi-oxidation kunye nokuphendula ngomoya kunye ne-CO2 kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu lokusebenza kweeseli zokuntywila. Ngelixa iinyembezi ezizezinye ziphononongiwe, akukho namnye otshintshe impumelelo kunye nokusebenza ngokubanzi kweI-Coal tatNgconoi-aluminiumimveliso. Umgangatho oguqukayo wepitch binderibalulekile kwi-Onode ukusebenza, ukuphembelela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokusebenza kwempumelelo kwei-aluminium inyibilikayoukusebenza.

6. Isetyenziswe njani i-pat ye-coal tet isetyenziswa njani kwimveliso yentsimbi kunye neecocractories?

I-Coal tatidlala indima ebalulekileyo, eyahlukileyo, kwimveliso yentsimbi xa kuthelekiswa nayoi-aluminium. Umsebenzi wayo ophambili apha unxulumene nokusebenza kweqondo lobushushu oluphezulu, ngakumbi ngaphakathiintlawuloIzixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza icebo kunye neenqanawa ezibandakanyeka kwi-Steeelmenking kunye nezinyeI-metaliinkqubo. Xa uxutywe ne-Agrecregates eguqukayo njengengu-magnesia okanye i-Alumini-graphy,i-pitchIzenzo njengexeshanai-binderNgexesha lokwakha kunye nomthombo wentsalelaikhabhoniemva kokudubula.

Ngexesha leukufudumezaokanye inkqubo yokunyanga kwezi mvume, iI-Coal tatcarbonistendaweni yokuhlala. IsiphumoikhabhoniInethiwekhi ixhasisela iipropathi ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zendawo yokuphikisa. Inciphisa i-Hotniation nge-Strag kunye nentsimbi, ethintela ukungena nokungena ebomini. Ikwanyusa ukunganyangeki kothusayo kunye nokunikezela ingqibelelo yesakhiwo kwiqondo lobushushu elifunyenwe kwiziko lenyama, esisiseko seoksijini, kunye ne-Arc yombaneiziko(I-EAFS). Ukungabinamsebenzi wezitena ezivulekileyoi-pitchiisetyenzisiweukugcwalisaukuthambisakwaye uqhubeke ngakumbi ukumelana nokuhlaselwa kweekhemikhali.

Ngaphandle kwezo zikrexelayo,i-pitchngamanye amaxesha isetyenziswa kwi-Taphole Clays, esetyenziselwa ukufaka iplagi yokuqhumaisithando somlilo. Ii-pitchNika iplastiki kwaye inceda ukwenza itywina, itywina elinamandla elinokumelana neemeko ezinzima. Ukhetho lwezinto ezifanelekileyoIBAKALA LEBALIibalulekile, ukulinganisa isidingo sokwenza umsebenzi ngexesha lokufaka isicelo ngemfuneko yentsalela ephezuluikhabhonikunye nokusebenza kubushushu bokusebenza.

7. Iyintoni indima ye-pitch kwi-imeyile ye-elektroniki?

Igrafu electronikizibalulekile ezinokuthethwa kwi-Arc yombaneiziko. Ezi rods ezinkulu ze-cylindrical ziqhuba izixa ezikhuluumbaneOkwangoku ukunyibilika intsimbi ye-scrap.I-Coal tatNgaba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo kwiukwenziwa, ukukhonza iinjongo ezimbini eziphambili: njengei-binderkwaye njengomntu ongenamntu.

Kwinqanaba lokuqala, inalitii-coke(Uhlobo olukhethekileyo lomgangatho ophezuluI-Petroleum Coke) ixutywe neI-Ectrode Ibanga lebanga le-Coal Tat, eyenza njengei-binder. Lo mxube ugqityiwe okanye wabumba ungene kwi-ow oyifunayoi-electrodeUbume (luhlazai-electrode). Eluhlazai-electrodeEmva koko bhakiwe ngamaqondo obushushu ajikeleze i-800-1000 c. Ngexesha lokubhaka, ipitch binderI-carbonies, yenza i-uqinileikhabhoniImatrix ephethe inalitii-cokeamasuntswana ngokudibeneyo, ukudala i-backI-Carbon electrode.

Nangona kunjalo, ibhakiweikhabhoniisekhona inkoliso ethileukuthambisa. Ukufezekisa ephezuluukuxinana, amandla, kunye nokuqhutywa kombane ezifunwayo kwi-EAF qho kwi-EAF, i-backi-electrodeI-vales emnye okanye engaphezulu kwento ebonakalayo isebenzisa i-viscofity esezantsiI-Coal tat. Ii-pitchNgena iipores, kunye nei-electrodeiphinde yeyile kwi-carbonime i-facti-pitch. Le nkqubo inyusa ukuxinana kwaye iphucula intsebenzo ngokubanzi. Okokugqibela, i-electrode icwecwe kakhuluamaqondo obushushu aphezulu(2500-3000 ° C), ukuguqula i-amorphousikhabhoniukusuka kwi-coke kunyei-pitchkwi-RederigrafuUlwakhiwo. Umgangatho wokubini kwi-binderi-pitchkunye nokungafundiswangai-pitchIbaluleke kakhulu ekuveliseni ukusebenza okuphezuluigrafu electroniki. Sebenzisa ilungeloIqondo lokushisa eliphezulu(i-pitch) isitshixo.

8. Ngaba zikhona iintlobo ezahlukeneyo namabakala kwi-pitch ye-raal tatch?

Ewe,I-Coal tatayisiyo-i-fit-fib-yonke imveliso. Iveliswa kumabakala awahlukeneyo, yahlulahlula ngaboindawo yokuthambisa, ebonisa inqanaba lokuphambanisa kunye nokukhutshwa kwesisindo semolekyuli. Ukuhlelwa kwezifundo eziqhelekileyo kubandakanya:

• I-pitch ethambileyo / iqondo lobushushu eliphantsi:La mabakala anamanqaku aphantsi kakhulu (ngokwesiqhelo ngaphantsi kwe-80 ° C). Zingamanzi amane amaqondo obushushu aphantsi kwaye zinokusetyenziswa kwizicelo ezinjengeentlobo ezithile zamatywina okanye apho kufuneka khona ulwelo oluphezulu.
• Ithayile yeqondo eliphakathi:Olu ludidi olusetyenzisiweyo olusetyenzisiweyo, rhoqo ngamanqaku athambileyo asusela kwi-80 ° C ukuya kwi-115 ° C (i-cattler). LeIbangaUkubetha ibhalansi phakathi kweepropathi zokubopha kunye nokusebenza.Ibhloko yeqondo eliphakathi le-Asphaltyindlela eqhelekileyo kolu hlobo, isetyenziswe ngokubanzi njengei-binderngaphakathiikhabhoniImveliso ye-Anode yeIshishini lealuminium.
• I-pitch enzima / iqondo lobushushu eliphezulu:La mabakala anamanqaku aphezulu enzonzobilayo (rhoqo ngaphezulu kwe-115 ° C, ngamanye amaxesha okungaphezulu kwe-150 ° C). Bavelisa ngaphezului-cokeIsivuno kwaye sisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezifuna amandla aphezulu kunye nozinzo lobushushu, ezinjengeeintlawuloIzicelo, ezikhethekileyoigrafuIimveliso, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zingenantoi-pitchkubaigrafu electroniki.
• I-collified pail ye-tatch:Ngamaxesha athile,I-Coal tatiguqulwe ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezinjengokuvuthelwa komoya, unyango lwe-thermal, okanye ukudibanisa nezinye izinto (I-PetroleumI-Derivastitives, i-polymers) yokufezekisa iipropathi ezithile.I-asphalt ye-asphaltokanye i-pitch inganikezela ngokuphuculwa okuphuculweyo, okuphuculweyo okuphuculweyo, okanye iguqulwe ngokuziphatha kakuhle kwezicelo ezikhethekileyo njengokusebenza okuphezuluI-Coasthingsokanye izixhobo zokuposa. Imizekelo ibandakanyaI-asphalt ye-asphaltyenzelwe indlela ethile okanye yokusetyenziswa kwezamashishini.

Ukhetho lweIBAKALA LEBALIkuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwisicelo esijongwe kunye neempawu zomsebenzi ezifanelekileyo. Njengeumboneleli, sisebenza ngokusondeleyo nabathengi njengoMark Thompson ukuqinisekisa ukuba bafumana i-PACCESIbangakwayeUhlobo lwe-pitchifuneka kwiinkqubo zabo zokwenza, nokuba kungenxa yei-aluminium kunye negrafuiimveliso okanye ezinye izinto. Ukungqinelana ngaphakathiIbangaIqhosha leziphumo ezinokuthenjwa.

9. Ungawubona njani umthengisi othembekileyo we-tet of the tatch? Isikhokelo somthengi

Iingcali zokuthengwa kwempahla ezinjengoMark Thompson, ukufunyanwaI-Coal tatUkusuka kubathengisi bamanye amazwe, ngakumbi kumazwe anjengeTshayina, kufuna ukulungisa ngononophelo. Ukufumana ukuthembekaumboneleliihamba ngaphaya kokufumana ixabiso lokukhuphisana; Imalunga nokuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho ofanayo, izinto ezinokuthenjwa, kunye nonxibelelwano olucacileyo. Nazi izinto eziphambili ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe:

• Ukungqinelana okusemgangathweni kunye noLawulo:Le yeyona nto iphambili. Buza abathengisi abanokubakho malunga neenkqubo zabo zolawulo lomgangatho. Ngaba bayavavanya yonke i-batch? Ngaba banokubonelela ngezatifikethi ezingaguqukiyo zohlalutyo (i-COA) ezichaza iinkcukacha zeindawo yokuthambisa, Qi, Ti,i-ashUmxholo, ixabiso leCiking, njl. Iifektri ezihlawulwayo ezinjengeeLebhu ezizinikeleyo kwaye zihambelana neeprogram zovavanyo olungqongqo (i.G., iMigangatho ye-ISO). Lumkela abathengisi abangafuniwanga ukwabelana ngedatha esemgangathweni okanye iziphumo zabo zahluka kakhulu phakathi kweebatch. Ukucela iisampulu zovavanyo oluzimeleyo ngaphambi kokubeka ii-odolo ezinkulu linyathelo lobulumko.
• Ubuchule bobuchwephesha kunye nenkxaso:Ngelixa uphawu lusenokuba lomelele kwintengiso, eneumboneleliUkuqonda ngobuchwephesha kubalulekile. Banokuxoxa ngendlela eyahluke ngayoi-pitchIipropathi zichaphazela inkqubo yakho? Banokucebisa ngokufanelekileyoIbanga? Umxhasi onamandla inokuba liqabane, hayi umthengisi nje. Iqela lethu, umzekelo, isilolo seminyaka yamava emveliso ukunceda abathengi.
• Umthamo wemveliso kunye nokuthembeka:YenzaumboneleliNgaba isikhundla esaneleyo sokufezekisa iimfuno zevolumu yakho? Ithini irekhodi labo lokuhambisa ixesha? Ukulibaziseka kokuhambisa yindawo enkulu yentlungu, ukuvelisa imveliso. Jonga iifektri ezimiselweyo ezinemigca emininzi yemveliso (njengemigca yethu eyi-7) ebonisa uzinzo kunye nokukwazi ukulawula iiodolo ezinkulu. Buza iireferensi okanye izifundo zetyala.
• UKUTHENGWA KOKUXELWAQinisekisa iumboneleliUnamathela kwimigangatho efanelekileyo yamazwe aphesheya (njenge-ISO 9001 yolawulo lwenqanaba lezendalo, i-ISO 14001 yoLawulo lweNdalo). Buza malunga nokuthotyelwa kwabo okukhuselekileyo kunye nemigaqo yokusingqongileyo. Cela iikopi zezatifikethi, kodwa qaphela ukubakho kobuqhetseba-qinisekisa ukuba kunokwenzeka. Ukuthotyelwa kubonisa umsebenzi onoxanduva kunye nobungcali.
• Unxibelelwano kunye nokungafihlisiyo:Unxibelelwano olusebenzayo lubalulekile, ngakumbi kwimimandla kunye neelwimi. Ngaba iqela lentengiso liphendula? Ngaba babonelela ngolwazi olucacileyo malunga neeshedyuli zemveliso, iinkcukacha zokuhambisa, kunye nemicimbi enokubakho? Unxibelelwano olucacileyo luyakha ukuthembana kwaye lunceda ukuphatha izinto ezilindelweyo, ukuthintela ukumangalisa okunxulumene nempahla okanye imigaqo yokuhlawula.
• Izixhobo kunye nokupakisha:Xoxa ngeendlela zokupakisha (i.G., iibhloko eziqinileyo, iibhloko eziqinileyo ezingxoweni, ezityhidiweyo kwiitanki) kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba zihambelana nezakhono zakho. Cacisa amagama okuhambisa (i-Incoterms) kwaye uqinisekiseumboneleliinamava okuthumela ngaphandle kwingingqi yakho (i-USA, eYurophu, njl njl). Amaqabane athembekileyo wempahla abalulekile ekuhanjisweni kwexesha elifanelekileyo.
• Amaxabiso vs. Ixabiso:Ngelixa amaxabiso okhuphiswano kubalulekile, ukhetho oluphantsi kakhulu alusoloko lubalaseleyo. Into yokungqinelana okusemgangathweni, ukuthembeka, kunye neendleko ezinokubakho kwimiba yemveliso ebangelwe yindawo ephantsii-pitch. Injongo yelona xabiso lipheleleyo, indleko zokulinganisa ngokuxhomekekaukubonelela.

Ukufumana ilungeloUmthengisi we-coal tatifuna ukukhuthala okufanelekileyo. Ukutyelela umzi-mveliso, ukuya kwimiboniso yecandelo (apho sihlala sidibana khona nabathengi abanokubakho), kunye nokwakha ubudlelwane obusekwe kwitrasti kunye nokusebenza okuqinisekisiweyo kuyacetyiswa kakhulu.

10. Ukuqonda nokulawula ukuvezwa komsebenzi kwi-coal tapt kwindawo yomsebenzi

Ukusebenza kunyeI-Coal tatifuna ingqalelo ngokhuseleko ngenxa yokufumanaukuvezwa emsebenziniukuyaI-Coal TA Gala i-volallies.Ukungakhuselekiinokwenzekainhalationumsi okanye uthuli,Unxibelelwano lwe-Dermalnei-pitchngokwayo, okanye i-temetion (i-inter eqhelekileyo, ihlala ngenxa yococeko olugwenxa). Kubaluleke kakhulu kwimizi-mvelisoi-pitchUkuphumeza amanyathelo okhuseleko eyomeleleyo.

Ukuvezwa kweCoal TarI-Dervietives efanai-pitchinokukhokelela kwiziphumo zempilo ezinokubakho. Ixesha elifutshaneukungakhuselekiukuya phezuluuxinzeleloAmanqanaba ee-CTPVs ezinokubangelaUkuphelisa ukuphefumla, Intloko, isiyezi, kunye nesicaphucaphu. Ixesha elide okanye eliphindaphindiweyoUnxibelelwano lwe-Dermalinokukhokelela ekufuphi ifoto (ukwenza ulusu lubonakalise ngakumbi ukukhanya kwelanga), i-folliculitis, iacne, kunye nezinyeIimeko zolusu. Ixesha elideinhalation ukungakhuselekiidityaniswe nemingcipheko eyandisiweyo yomhlaza othile, ngakumbi lolusu, imiphunga, kunye ne-bladder, yiyo le nto imizimba elawulayo efana ne-Osha (ezokhuseleko emsebenzini) kwi-US esetiweyoukungakhuselekiImida (Pels) ye-CTPVs kwiemsebenzini.

Ukulawulaukungakhuselekikubandakanya i-hierarchy yolawulo:

• Ulawulo lobuNjineli:Ukuvalela iinkqubo, usebenzisa umoya wokugqibela we-moya (i-LEF) yokufaka i-fumes kwimvelaphi (E.G., ngexesha lokuxuba, ukubhaka,isithando somliloImisebenzi), kunye nemisebenzi yokusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo ukunciphisa umnxibelelaniso womsebenzi osebenzayo kakhulu.
• Ulawulo lolawulo:Ukunciphisa umda kwixesha lokuchitha phezulu-ukungakhuselekiIindawo, ukwenza iinkqubo zokusebenza zomsebenzi, ukubonelela ngeendawo ezinikezelweyo zokutya / zokusela kude nemimandla yomsebenzi, kunye nokubeka iliso rhoqo emsebenziniuxinzeleloamanqanaba.
• Izixhobo zokhuselo lobuqu (i-PPE):Lo ngumgca wokugqibela wokuzikhusela kwaye kubandakanya ukuqhubela phambili (okhethiweyo ngokusekweukungakhuselekiAmanqanaba), iigloves ezixhaphaza ngamachiza, amaziko, ukhuseleko lwamehlo. Uqeqesho olufanelekileyo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwePPE kunye nesondlo kubalulekile.
• I-Hygiene:Ukugxininisa rhoqo ukuhlamba izandla kunye nokuhlamba emva kweeshifti kubalulekile ukususa nayiphi na intsalii-pitchukusuka kulusu.

NgelixaI-Coal tatibaluleke kakhuluishishiniIzixhobo zokuphatha, ukuphatha ukuphatha kunye nokulandela ngqo iiprothokholi zokhuseleko ziyimfuneko ukunciphisa umngcipheko onxulumene neukuvezwa emsebenzini. Abathengisi abadumileyo kufuneka bakwazi ukubonelela ngamaphepha edatha ezokhuseleko (i-SDS) echaza iingozi kunye neenkqubo ezincomekayo zePhakathisiweyoi-pitchiimveliso. UkunciphisaukungakhuselekiKhusela iMpilo yoBugcisa kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kolawulo.

Iindlela eziphambili zexabiso kwi-coal tapt

Ukusonga ukuphononongwa kwethuI-Coal tat, nantsi amanqaku afanelekileyo okukhumbula:

• Imvelaphi: I-Coal tatIngaba iintsalelaisuka eUkudibanaye-crade coal teat, ai-byproductye-carbonization yamalahle.
• Ipropathi ephambili:Ixabiso layo eliphambili lilele kubuchule bayo obuhle kwaye baphakameikhabhoniisivuno kwiukufudumeza (i-pitch cokeukwenziwa).
• IIMPAPO ZOBUGCISA:Yinto ebaluleke kakhului-binderkubaikhabhoniama-anodes kwii-aluminium inyibilikayo, yimfunekoigrafu ye-elektrode, isetyenziswe kwishishini lentsimbiIicocrictories, kwaye ifunyenwe kwikhethekileyoI-Coasthingskunye nezityholo.
• Ibanga: I-pitchiza kumabanga ahlukeneyo (athambileyo, ophakathi, onesidima, oqinileyo) esekwe ikakhuluindawo yokuthambisa, ukulungelelaniswa okwahlukileyoishishiniIzicelo ezinjeI-Asphalt ye-Asphalt ye-Asphalt.
• Ukukhetha umthengi:Ukukhetha ukuthembekaumboneleliKubandakanya ukuqinisekisa ukungqinelana okusemgangathweni, inkxaso yezobugcisa, amandla emveliso, iziqinisekiso eziguqulweyo (i-IS), ukusebenza ngonxibelelwano, kunye nobuchule becebo. Gxila kwixabiso elipheleleyo, hayi ixabiso nje.
• Ukhuseleko: Ukuvezwa emsebenziniukuyaI-Coal TA Gala i-volallies(I-CTPVS / Pahs) ifuna ulawulo ngononophelo ngolawulo lobunjineli, iinkqubo zolawulo, i-PPE efanelekileyo kunye nezenzo ezilungileyo zokucoceka ukunciphisa umngcipheko wezempiloIimeko zolusuokanyeUkuphelisa ukuphefumla.

Ukuqonda ezi nkalo zeI-Coal tatukuxhobisa iingcali kumashishini ahambelana nemizi mveliso ehambelana noko, ukukhetha iinkqubo zabo, kwaye kuqinisekiswe ukuphathwa ngokukhuselekileyo kwale meko kwaye ibalulekeInto yekhemikhali. Njengomvelisi ozinikeleyo, sizibophelele ekunikezeleni ngomgangatho ophezului-pitchiimveliso kunye nokuxhasa abathengi bethu kwihlabathi liphela.