I-Tar, Coal Arta, i-Coal-Tatch, i-asphalt, kunye nepetroleum - yeyiphi umahluko wendlela yakho kunye neemfuno zemveliso?

Wake wazifumana ngokwakho ngamagama anjetear, I-coal tar, I-Coal-tail, i-asphalt, kwayeI-Petroleum? AWUKHO wedwa! Ezimnyama, Vidiyoisixhobos zihlala zikhankanywa kwiimeko ezivela kwiindlela ukwakhiwaeyahlukileyoishishini isicelos. Ukuqonda imvelaphi yabo eyahlukileyo, iipropathi, kunyesebenzisas ibalulekile, ngakumbi ukuba ukwishishini elixhomekeke kubo. Eli nqaku liza kuyamkela ezi zinto, cacisaumahlukos, kwaye ichaze ukuba kutheni ukhetha ilungeloimvelisoUmboneleli, njengathi apha kwi-Zgghty, ibalulekile kwimpumelelo yakho. Siza kuphonononga indlelaamalahleUkulungisa iziqhamo ze-byproducts exabisekileyo, njaniI-PetroleumIdlala indima yayo, kwaye oko, njengomthengi oqondayo njengoMarkopson, kufuneka ujonge. Zilungiselele ukuntywila kwiLizwe laBabalulekileishishini isixhoboS!

1. Yintoni itela, kwaye yahluke njani kwimvelaphi yamalahle kunye nokuqulunqwa?

Igama elithile "tear"Ubanzi, odla ngokuchaza nayiphi naubukhulu, mnyama, viscousulwelo olumnyama. Kodwa ngengqondo yezobugcisa,teariveliswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukuba ichithe intshabalalo ye-organicisixhobos. Okhethekileyoumthomboyeli shishiniisixhoboYintoni enika iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zetear. Umzekelo, iinkunitearivela enkuni, ngelixatearSinomdla kakhulu kwiishishiniiinjongo,I-coal tar, ivelaamalahle. Iumahlukongaphakathiumthomboikhokelela kwibalaumahlukongaphakathiikhemikhaliukwakhiwa kwaye, ngenxa yoko, iipropathi zabo kunyesebenzisas.

I-coal tarngokungqalileyo i-bypocict efunyenwe ngexesha le-carbonization yeamalahleukuvelisai-coke(isetyenziswe kwi-steelmaing) okanyeigesi yelahleko. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukufudumezaamalahleukuya kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu ngaphandle kokungabikhoumoya. Iikhawuntariya eziguqukayo zikhutshiwe ngeli xesha lokufudumeza ziqokelelwa kwaye zihlelwe ukuba zichaphazelekeI-coal tar. Oku krwadaI-coal tarngumxube onzima wamakhuluikhemikhali ikhonkcoS, inkulu i-hydrocarbons ze-hydrocarbons, ii-phenols, kunye ne-heterocycclic. Ngokungafaniyo nabanyetears,I-coal tarIxabiseke kakhuluikhemikhalithandabenzene, I-toulunes, i-xylenes, iNaphthalene, kunye ne-anthracene, ezinokukhutshwaisicelos.

Ke, ngelixa "itar" yikota eqhelekileyo,I-coal taryinyaniuhloboyetearnge-ichazelwe kakuhleumthombo-amalahle. Ubunzimaikhemikhaliubume beI-coal tariyenza ibe yeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kunye nemveliso ebaluleke kakhuluisixhoboxa kuthelekiswa nohlobo oluqhelekileyotearivela kwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ukuqonda le ntoumahlukolinyathelo lokuqala ekuqondeni uluhlu lwayo olubanzi lwesebenzisas. Iipropathi ezizodwa zeI-coal tari-stem ngqo evela kwiamalahleIvela kwaye i-software ephezulu iyaqhubeka.

2. I-Coal Tar Icacisiwe: Ixabiso elixabisekileyo lenkqubo yokuqhubekeka?

I-coal tarNgokwenene yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwiamalahleukuqhubekeka, ngakumbi kwiUkuveliswa kweCokeokanyeigesi yelahleko. Niniamalahleishushu ngamaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo (ihlala igqitha kwi-900 ° C okanye i-1650 ° F) kwindawo ephelelwe yioksijini - inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-carbonization okanye i-Cominie-ayizivelisi njei-coke. Inani elikhulu lezinto eziguqukayo liqhutywa, nto leyo, ekupholiseni, izithombisi zokwenza aubukhulu, Vidiyoulwelo olumnyama: crudeI-coal tar. Le ayisiyonkcitho nje; Yindlela yobuncwane yeikhemikhali ikhonkcos. IimvelisoyeI-coal taridityaniswe nge-enderIn kwishishini lentsimbi (ezifuna khonai-coke) kunye ne-gesi yembaliimveliso.

Ukubaluleka kweI-coal tarUbuxoki kubume bayo obutyebileyo kunye nobunzima obunzima. Yi-cocktail yamakhulu ahlukeneyoikhemikhalis, ikakhulu i-robimatic hydrocarbons efanabenzene, I-toulunes, i-Xylenes, iNaphthalene, i-Andracene, nePhenanthrene, kunye nee-phenolhrene, kunye neephenols, i-Cres, kunye neziseko ze-nitrogen njengePyrine. Uninzi lwalo mntuikhonkcos inokukhutshwa ngokusebenzisa i-reacraction distilation, inkqubo eyahlulahlula izinto ngokusekwe kwiindawo zabo zokubila. Oku kwenzaI-coal tarumlo obalulekileyoisixhoboukwenzela iikhemikhaliishishini. Ukwakhiwa ngokuthe ngqoI-coal tarinokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiuhloboyeamalahleisetyenzisiwe kunye neemeko zenkqubo ye-carbonis, ichaphazele emva kwayo elandelayosebenzisakwaye iimvelisoifunyenwe kuyo.

Ngokwembali,I-coal tarifunyenwesebenzisakwizicelo ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphambi kokunyuka kwe-petrochemicals, yayiyintlokoumthomboKwizinto ezininzi zezinto eziphilayoikhemikhaliIsetyenziswe kwiidayi zedayi, iziqhushumbisi, kunye namayeza. Nkqu nonyango oluthile lweIimeko zolusunjengei-psoriasiskwayeeczema, okanye izithako ngaphakathidndandruffI-shampoos, ngokwembali icwecweI-coal tarNgenxa yokuchasana ne-anti-insulmatory kunye ne-anti-skiction. Nangona kunjalo, iprayimari yayoishishini sebenzisaNamhlanje ijikeleze ukuqhubekeka kwayo ngakumbi kwi-pitch, i-creorsote, kunye nezinye ioyile ezikhethekileyo, ezisetyenziswayo eluphahleni, ipeyinti, kunyeukwenziwayeikhabhoniiimveliso. Uhambo lweamalahleukuyaI-coal tarItestamente yeendlela iinkqubo zeshishini ezinokuguqula ngayo ubutyebi obuphambili kwiziphumo ezininzi ezixabisekileyo.

3. Ukuqonda i-Coal-Tatch Paink: Yintoni eyenza le nto isulungekileyo ikhethekileyo?

I-Coal-tailibalulekileimvelisokuthathwe kwiNkqubo engaphezulu ye-crudeI-coal tar. Emva kokuqalaimvelisoyeI-coal tarukusukaamalahleIkharbhonization, iphazamisa isiseko sokuqhekeka. Ngeli candelo, amaqhezu ahlukeneyo eoyile (njengeoyile yokukhanya, ioyile yecarbolic, ioyile ye-nafethalene, ioyile ye-allracene, ioyile ye-antracene) isuswe kubushushu obahlukeneyo. Into ekhoyo emva kwale migca i-volatile ichithiweI-Coal-tail. Yintsalela kuleUkudibana kwe-coal tar. Oku kwenzaI-Coal-tailihlaziyiwe ngakumbi kwaye igxileisixhoboxa kuthelekiswa ne-crudeI-coal tar.

OkwangokungafaniI-Coal-tailUbuxoki kwizinto zayo. Ngokwesiqhelo imnyamaokanye i-amorphous emnyamauqinilekubushushu begumbi, nangona inokuveliswa kwiifom ezingamanzi kunye nokwahlukai-viscofity. Iimpawu zayo eziphambili zibandakanya amandla aphezulu okuphelisa amanzi, ukumelana okuphezulu kuikhemikhaliUkuhlaselwa (Acids, i-alkalis, kunye ne-salts), i-adhesion eyomeleleyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kunye nokuphakamaikhabhoniUmxholo. Ezi propati zenzaI-Coal-taililuncedo kakhulu kuluhlu lwemfunoishishini isicelos. IukwenziwayeI-Coal-tailinokulungelelaniswa ukufezekisa amanqaku athile ethambisa kwayei-viscofityAmabanga, kuxhomekeke kwinjongo yayosebenzisa.

Umzekelo, phezuluikhabhoniUmxholo wenzaI-Coal-tailIsibonda esithandwayo kwiimvelisoyeikhabhoniI-electrodes ye-aluminium kunye namashishini entsimbi (njenge-Sødderberg kunye ne-Anodes eyahlukileyo) kunye ne-elektrodes. Ikwasetyenziswa kuphahla eluphahleni kunye nee-shingles ngenxa yeempawu zalo zokuphuma emanzini, njengeukuthuthumelangemibhobho yokuthintela ukuvela, kwaye kwiipende ezithile. Inqanaba elithile leI-Coal-tail, njengeIbhloko yeqondo eliphakathi le-AsphaltokanyeIqondo lokushisa eliphezulu, chaza ukufaneleka kwayo kwezi zinto zahlukasebenzisas. Inguqu evela ekrwadaI-coal tarukuphononongaI-Coal-tailEyona nto iphucula kakhulu ixabiso layo kunye nokwenza isicelo kumacandelo awodwa amashishini.

4. Ukubeka indawo yokwahluka: I-Coal Tar Vs.

Hayi,I-coal tarkwayeI-Coal-tailNgokuqinisekileyo azitshintshi, nangona zinxulumene ngokusondeleyo. Eyona nto iphambiliumahlukoUbuxoki kwinqanaba labo lokuqhubela phambili kunye nokwakhiwa kwesiphumo.I-coal taryindawo yokuqala, crudeulwelo olumnyamaI-Bypduct ifunyenwe ngqo kwikharbhonization yeamalahle. Ngumxube onobunzima obuqukethe uluhlu olubanzi lwe-willileikhemikhali ikhonkcos kunye neemolekyuli ezinzima. Yicinge njenge-Rawisixhobointsha evela kwii-cokeii-ovens.

I-Coal-tail, kwelinye icala, yicocweimvelisoithathwe kwiI-coal tarngokudibanisa. Ngexesha leUkudibana kwe-coal tar, likhaphukhaphu, iinyibiba eziguqukayo (iioyile ezinje nge-riosote, ioyile yeNaphthalene, njl. Njl.) zisusiwe.I-Coal-tailNgaba intsalela enzima, engavumiyo ishiyekile. Ithetha ukubaI-Coal-tailUnengxaki enkulu kakhulu yentsokothileyo, i-molecular-romatic ye-hidrocarbons ye-hydrocarbons kunye nomxholo ongezantsi owenziweyo wezinto eziphilayoikhonkcoS (VOCS) xa kuthelekiswa ne-crudeI-coal tar. Ngokwesiqhelouqinileokanye i-semi-uqinile isixhobokubushushu begumbi, ngelixa rudeI-coal tarlulwelo. Esi sisisekoumahlukoKwimo yomzimba kwayeikhemikhaliUkwenza i-makeup ichaza eyahlukileyoisicelos.

IsebenzisaAmatyala akubonisa ngokucacileyo okuumahluko. KrwadaI-coal tarIngasetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kwezinye izicelo ezindala, ezincinci ezicociweyo okanye, ngakumbi, isebenza njengendawo yokuthambisa.I-Coal-tail, kunye neempawu zayo ezithile eziphezuluikhabhoniUmxholo, ukubopha ubungakanani bokubopha okugqwesileyo, kunye nokuphuma kwamanzi, injineli yento efunekayoishishiniiindima. Umzekelo,imvelisoyekharbon ama-anodes ye-aluminium inyibilikisa kakhulu kumabakala athileI-Coal-tailNjengomthi. Awuzukusebenzisa i-RawI-coal tarNgenxa yoku, njengoko ii-volives zayo zinokubangela iingxaki ngexesha lokubhaka nokusebenza. Ngokufanayo, ukusebenza okukhuluI-Coal Tar Pitch Flakeszenzelwe ukuba zikhululwe ukuphatha kunye neenkqubo ezithile zeshishini apho ukungangqinelani nokucoceka kwesandi yeyona nto iphambili. Ke, ngelixa zombini zivelaamalahle, I-Coal-tailIgqityiwe ngakumbi, ikhethekileyo, kwaye ihlala ibaluleke ngakumbiisixhoboKunayo umzali,I-coal tar.

5. I-Asphalt engatyhilekanga: yiTar, iPetroleum-isekwe, okanye enye into yendlela?

Le yindawo eqhelekileyo yokudideka! Ngelixa zombinii-asphaltkwayetear(ngokukodwaI-coal tar)mnyama, inamatheleisixhoboIsetyenziswe ngaphakathiindlela ukwakhiwakunye nokuhambisa, bahlukile kwimichiza kwaye banemvelaphi eyahlukileyo. Ii-asphaltubukhulu becala isetyenziselwa iindlela zokwenza iindlela namhlanjeI-Petroleum Asphalt, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiBitumen. Yinto yokutyhobozaI-Petroleumukucokiswa. Xa krwadaioyileincitshisiwe, amaqhezu asikhaphukhaphu njenge-petroli, idizili, kunye ne-jets isuswe. Intsalela enzima, i-Vicous ishiyekileyo ezantsiI-Petroleum Asphalt.

I-coal tar, njengoko sithethe, sivela kwikharbhonization yeamalahle. NgelixaI-coal tarkunye neziganeko zayo ezinjeI-Coal-tailyayiyimbaliindlelaukuphakamisa kunye nokutywina (kwaye kusekho kwezinye izintoisicelookanye imimandla),I-Petroleum Asphaltiye yaba yeyona nto iphambiliisixhoboKumhlaba jikelele ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi, kubandakanya iindleko, ukufumaneka, kunye neempawu zentsebenzo zilungelelaniswe zale mihlaindlelauthungelwano. IumahlukokwiikhemikhaliI-Makep ibalulekile:I-Petroleum AsphaltIqukethe ikakhulu i-Aliiphic kunye ne-naphthericybons ye-hydrocarbons, kantiI-coal tarSityebi kwi-hydrocarbons ye-hydrocarbons. Leumahlukoichaphazela iipropathi zabo, ezinje ngokuzibandakanya kuguquko lobushushu, ukunyangwa kwesilivere, kunye nevumba labo.

Ke, xa ubona i-crew ipeyintiindlela, kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukusebenzisaI-Petroleum Asphalt. Kubalulekile ukubasebenzisaImigaqotearkwayei-asphaltNgokungafaniyo kulo mxholo, ngakumbi kwiingxoxo zobugcisa, njengoko zikhokelela ekungaqondini malunga neisixhobo'sumthombokunye neepropathi. Ngelixa zombini zinakoipoveumphezulu kwaye wenzemnyamakunye nokunganyangeki kwamanzi, ukusebenza kwabo phantsi kwetrafikhi,okusingqongileyoUkuqwalaselwa malungaukungakhuselekikwaye ibaleke, kunye nokuhambelana nenyeisixhoboyahlukile. Umzekelo,I-coal tarizityholo zaziwa ngokuchasene nezoI-Petroleum-Bwenziwe i-fuels kunye nezinyibilikisi, ipropathi ayiveli ngokubhengezwaI-Petroleum Asphalt. Ukhetho phakathi kwabo ngenxalenyeukwakhiwaIprojekthi ihlala ixhomekeke kwiimfuno zomsebenzi, imigaqo yendawo kunye neendleko.

Indima ye-petroleum: Ithini i-oyile ye-rude exhunyiwe kwi-Asphalt kunye nezinye iimveliso zemveliso?

I-Petroleum, okanye chudeioyile, yindalo eyenzekayo, ityheli-ulwelo olumnyamaifunyenwe phantsi komhlaba, enokuthi ihlaziywe ukuvelisa uluhlu olukhulu lwe-fuels kwayeishishini imvelisos. Unxibelelwano lwayoi-asphaltithe ngqo kwaye ibalulekile: eyona ixhaphakileyouhloboyei-asphaltisetyenziswe namhlanje, ngakumbiindlelaipeyinti, yileI-Petroleum Asphalt(i-bitmen), leyoifunyenwengqo ekuhlaziyeni kweI-Petroleum. Ngexesha lokuqhekeka kwenxalenye ye-crudeioyile, izinto zahlulwe ngokusekwe kwiindawo zabo zokubila. Amaqhezu amancinci njenge-petroli, i-kerosene, kunye nedizili zisuswe kuqala, zishiya izinto ezinzima.I-Petroleum AsphaltNgaba olona hlobo luselula, olusezantsi lwe-vikous, ezantsi-ye-harrel intsalela.

Iipropathi ezithile zeI-Petroleum AsphaltYenza i-Binder efanelekileyo ye-Aggregates (njengelitye kunye neSanti) ukuba uyilai-asphaltIkhonkrithi, izinto ezisetyenziselwa uninzi lweendlela ezipeyintiweyo. Imo yayo ye-viscoelastic ivumela ukuba yomelele kwaye iqine kodwa iguquguquka ngokwaneleyo ukuba ingathintela imithwalo yezithuthi kunye nohluko wobushushu. IimvelisoyeI-Petroleum Asphaltinokulawulwa kukuvelisa amabakala ahlukeneyo ngobuqili obuqhubekayo kwayei-viscofity, efanelekileyo kwiimozulu ezahlukeneyo kunye neemeko zendlela. Oku kwenzaI-Petroleumeyona nto ibalulekileyoumthombo isixhoboKwilizwe jikeleleukwakhiwaishishini.

Ngaphayai-asphaltKwindlela,I-PetroleumIngaba iumthomboyento engenakubalwaishishini imvelisos. I-Petrochemicals, ivelaI-Petroleumkunye negesi yendalo, isetyenziselwaukwenziwaIiplasitiki, iibhulukhwe zokwenziwa, izinyibilikisi, izichumisi, kunye nengxokolo yenyeikhemikhalis. Nkqu neentlobo ezithile zeI-carbon emnyama, isetyenziswe njenge-pigment kunye nokuqinisa iarhente kwiitayile kunye nenye irabhaimvelisos, unokuveliswaI-Petroleumiingubo. Ngelixa eyona nto iphambili kuyo apha ihlala iqhubekaI-coal tarkunye neziganeko zayo, kubalulekile ukuba uqapheleI-Petroleumnjengenye enkuluumthomboye-hydrocarbons enyusa umhlaba wethu kwaye iboneleleisixhoboUbomi banamhlanje, kubandakanya i-obiquitingmnyamaukuhambisaisixhobositsalela umnxebai-asphalt. Ubungakanani obukhulu beI-PetroleumUkuhlaziywa kuthetha ukubaI-Petroleum Asphaltngokubanzi ifumaneka ngokubanzi kwaye isebenza ngendleko zeeprojekthi ezinkulu zokupelwa.

7. Thelekisa amaTitans: Umahluko ophambili phakathi kweCoal Tar, i-asphalt, kunye neemveliso zepetroleum esetyenziswayo kunye neepropathi?

Ukuqonda umahluko ophambili phakathiI-coal tariimveliso,I-Petroleum Asphalt, kunye nezinyeI-Petroleum-enzekileisixhobos ibalulekile ekukhetheni ilungeloimvelisoyenyeisicelo. Ngelixa ngamanye amaxesha banokuvelaefanayo(E.G.,mnyama, vikous), imvelaphi yabo,ikhemikhaliI-tracpositions, kunye neempawu zentsebenzo zahluka kakhulu.I-coal tarkunye nemo yayo ehlaziyiweyo,I-Coal-tail, ivelaamalahle, ngelixaI-Petroleum Asphalt(i-bitmen) kunye nezinyeI-Petroleumiimvelisoifunyenweukusuka ekrwaneniioyile.

I-coal tarIimveliso zityebile kwi-Polycyclic i-Hydrocarbons (Pahs), ebanika ukumelana ngokugcobayo kuamanzi, ioyile, i-fuels, kwayeikhemikhalis. Oku kubangela ukuba balungele iingubo zokukhusela, izityholo ezifuna iindawo ezifuna izinto, kunye nokubiyela ngaphakathiikhabhoniIimveliso ezinjenge-electrodes (ngenxa yeikhabhoniYima kancinci). Nangona kunjalo, ubukho bePahsKukwathetha ngokuphatha ngononophelo kwayeokusingqongileyoUkuqwalaselwa malungaukungakhuselekiziyimfuneko.I-coal tarIzinto ezisekwe kwizixhobo zokungaxhathisi ngakumbi kwi-UV yourokopa ngaphandle kunabanyeI-PetroleumI-Asphalts.

I-Petroleum AsphaltKwelinye icala, ngokuyintloko kuthathwe yi-Aliigitic kunye ne-naphtherbonic hydrocarbons. Yeyona nto iphambiliisixhobokubaindlelaUkupeyinta ngenxa yepropathi yayo elungileyo yokubopha kunye nokuguquguquka, ukuguquguquka, kunye nokusebenza ngendleko kwinqanaba elikhulu. Ngelixa ibonelela ngamanzi aphezulu, ukumelanaI-Petroleum-usekelwe izinyibilikisi ngokubanzi kuneloI-coal tar. EnyeI-PetroleumIimveliso, ezinje nge-fuels kunye ne-leodricants, zinemiboniso eyahlukileyo (i-Hydrocarbon ye-hydrocarbon) kwayesebenzisas. Iumahlukongaphakathiikhemikhali ikhonkcoI-Makemp ikhokelela kwiingxelo ezahlukeneyo, ii-viscofisthes, kunye nokufaneleka kweentlobo ezahlukeneyoishishiniiinkqubo. Umzekelo,imvelisoIingubo ezithile ezithile ezikhethekileyo zinokukhethaI-coal tarUkungaxhathisi bayo obukhulu beekhemikhali, ngelixa isiphango esikhulu siya kusoloko sikhosebenzisa I-Petroleum Asphalt.

Nalu uthelekiso olulula:

Le tafile ibalaselisa ukuba ukhetho lweisixhoboixhomekeke kakhulu kwiimfuno ezithile zeisicelo, kubandakanya iimfuno zomsebenzi,okusingqongileyoImigaqo, kunye neendleko. Njengomzi-mveliso, sibaluleke kakhulu kwiI-coal tariimveliso kwaye uqonde i-nuess ezenza ukuba zilungele ezinyeishishiniamacandelo.

8. Kutheni ufumana imali ephezulu ye-tetraleum kunye ne-petroleum coke right kwishishini lakho?

Amashishini afana nelowo wayene-Mark Thompson, onokuthi athengeI-coal tariimveliso (njengeI-Coal tat) kwayeI-Petroleum CokeUkuthengisa i-Aluminium smelters, iinyibilika zentsimbi, okanyeukwakhiwa kwendlelaIinkampani, ukufunyanwa komgangatho omkhuluisixhoboayisiyo nje into yokhetho - yimfuneko esisiseko. Umgangatho wale ndawo eluhlazaisixhoboIfuthe ngqo kwintsebenzo yokuphelaimvelisoukufezekisa impumelelo kweishishiniiinkqubo ziyasetyenziswa. Umzekelo, kwi-Aluminium Smelting, ubunyulu kunye nokungqinelana kweI-Coal-tailisetyenziswe njenge-binder yeikhabhoniI-Adeses ibalulekile. Ukungcola okanye ukwahluka komgangatho wepitch kungakhokelela ekungathobeni kwe-anode, ukunyusa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, kunye nokunciphisa ialuminiumimvelisoukusebenza kakuhle. Ngokufanayo, umgangatho weI-Petroleum Coke(ngakumbiI-Petroleum Coke) ichaphazela intsebenzo yayo njengeikhabhoniI-raiser kwi-Steelmainking okanye njenge-Rawisixhoboye-anodes.

Umgangatho ophantsiI-coal tarokanyeI-Petroleum Cokeunokwazisa umnini-ntliziyo yeengxaki. Oku kunokubandakanya ukungahambelanii-viscofityokanye amanqaku athambileyoI-Coal-tail, ekhokelela kubunzima ekusebenzeni kwayeimvelisoiziphene. KubaI-Petroleum CokeImicimbi efana nomxholo ophezulu wesalfure, into eguqukayo eninzi, okanye i-trace engafunekiyo ingayichaphazela kakubi yayosebenzisakwiinkqubo zentsimbi okanye zinegalelo kwiokusingqongileyoImiceli mngeni yokuthobela. Njengomntu kwiimvelisoIcala, njengam, Allen, ndibone kuqala ukuba hlukahlukane njani kwimigangatho ye-suretock inokudibanisa yonke i-chain yemveliso. Sityale kakhulu kwi-7imvelisoimigca yokuqinisekisa ukuba singakwazi ukuqhubela phambiliI-coal tarngempumelelo kunye nokuvelisa umgangatho ohambelana, ekumgangatho ophezuluI-Coal-tailkunye nezinye izinto zokwahlukana.

Phawula inkxalabo ye-thompson malunga nokuhlolwa komgangatho kunye nokuqinisekiswa ngokusemthethweni ke ngoko kufanelekile. Abathengisi abanokuthenjwa kufuneka banike isiqinisekiso esibanzi, kuquka ukubambelela kwimigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe (njenge-iso) kunye nengxelo ebonakalayo yeimvelisoInkcazo. Ubuqhetseba kwesatifikethi ngumbandela onzulu, kwaye abathengi bafuna amaqabane anomdla. Ukutya okuphezuluI-coal tarkwayeI-Petroleum Cokeukwakhonaokusingqongileyoumngcipheko onxulumene nokungcola kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba ekugqibeleniisiceloihlangabezana neemfuno zolawulo. Ekugqibeleni, umgangatho ongaguqukiyo ukhokelela ekusebenzeni okungcono, kuncitshiswa iingxaki zokusebenza, kunye negama elomeleleyo lamashishini afana noMarko oluzizoisixhobos ukuya kwisiphelo. Lutyalo-mali ekuthembekeni kunye nolwaneliseko lwabathengi.

9. Ukuhambahamba kwemarike: Izicelo eziphambili kunye nendlela yokukhetha imveliso yasekunene yeCarlic kwiimfuno zakho?

Intengiso yeI-coal tarIimveliso zizinto ezahlukeneyo, ngamabanga ahlukeneyo kunye neefom ezilungiselelwe ukuba zenziwe ngqoishishini isicelos. Ukukhetha ilungeloimvelisoibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokusebenza ngendleko. IsitshixoisiceloyeI-coal tarI-Derivetives, ngakumbiI-Coal-tail, ziqokelesebenzisaNjengomthi kwiukwenziwayeikhabhoniI-ANESS ye-Aluminium smelting kunye negrafiti ye-encrodes yezixhobo ze-ARC zombane ze-ARC. IphezuluikhabhoniUmxholo kunye nexabiso lokuhamba eligqibeleleyo lingathandekiyo apha. Enye enkulusebenzisaKukuphahla eluphahleni, apho iipropathi zawo zixabisa kakhulu.I-coal tarI-enamels kunye neengubo zengubo zikwasetyenziselwa ukukhusela imibhobho kunye nezakhiwo zaselwandle ukusuka kwi-corrosion ngenxa yokunganyangeki kwaboamanzikwayeikhemikhalis.

Xa ukhetha i-AI-coal tar imveliso, Zininzi izinto eziza kudlala. Indawo efunekayo yokuthambisa yiparamitha ebaluleke kakhulu kwimigca, emise iqondo lobushushu aphoisixhoboUtshintsho kwiBrittleuqinileKwimeko engaphezulu yeplastiki.I-viscofityKubushushu besicelo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphathweni nasekuqhubeni. Umzekelo, aIqondo lokushisa eliphezulu(idla ngokubhekisa kwi-pitch ephezulu yendawo ephezulu yokuthambisa) iyafuneka kwizicelo ezibandakanya amaqondo obushushu aphezulu okusebenza, ngelixa aIbhloko yeqondo eliphakathi le-AsphaltInokuba ilungele ezinye iinjongo zokubopha okanye zokuzihlaziya. Umxholo wezinto ezithile ezifana ne-quineline incools (qi), i-toluene i-insollines (i-TI), kwaye i-Ita-Retins ikwaphembelela ukusebenza kwe-pitch njenge-pitch.

Ngaphaya koko, kwizicelo ezinjeindlela ukwakhiwaokanye ukulungisa, okhethekileyoI-coal tar-izityholo ezingasekelwanga okanyeI-asphalt ye-asphaltiimveliso (ezinokuthi ngamanye amaxesha zikhoI-coal tarNgokusekwe okanye ukudityaniswa) kunokukhethwa ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwazo kunye nokuchasana nokuchitheka kwamafutha. Njengomnini-mzi-mveliso, i, uAllen, ndihlala ndicebisa abathengi njengoMarko thompson ukuba achaze isiphelo sabo-sebenzisakunye neemfuno zomsebenzi. Oku kusivumela ukuba sicebise eyona ifanelekileyoI-coal tar imveliso, nokuba libanga eliqhelekileyo okanye ukwenziwa kwesiko. Ukuqonda amaphepha edatha yobugcisa kunye nokuqinisekisa iimvelisoIhlangabezana nemigangatho efanelekileyo yeshishini sisitshixo. Sisoloko sisebenza nabathengi ukuqinisekisa iI-coal tar imvelisoBakhetha ukusuka kuluhlu lwethu, yiba ziiflethi, iibhloksi, okanye ulwelo, zilungelelane ngokugqibeleleyoimvelisoiinkqubo kunye nolindelo lomgangatho. Imalunga nokuhambelana nepropathi eyahlukileyo yeI-coal tarkwiimfuno ezichanekileyo zeisicelo.

10. Ukufumana umthengisi othembekileyo e-China: Bafanele bathengise ntoni abathengi be-thompson bebeka phambili?

Kubathengi bamanye amazwe njengoMark Thompson ukusuka e-USA, ukufunwaI-coal tariimveliso kunyeI-Petroleum CokeUkususela kumazwe asaphuhlayo njenge-China anokunika amaxabiso okhuphiswano. Nangona kunjalo, iza nengxaki enokubakho. Ke ngoko, ukubeka phambili izinto ezithile xa ukhetha umthengisi kubalulekile kwimveliso yokuthenga nenempumelelo. Iinkxalabo eziphambili zikaMarko - ihlolisiso esemgangathweni, izitishino, izinto ezilungisiweyo zokuhlawula-ziyintoni na ukuba nawuphi na umthengi oqondayo kufuneka agxile. Amanqaku akhe eentlungu, anjengonxibelelwano olungalunganga kunye nokulibaziseka kwenqanawa, kraqe ngakumbi imfuneko yeqabane elinokuthenjwa.

Okokuqala kwaye ngaphambi kwento yonke,ukuqinisekisa umgangathoyinto enkulu. Unokuthenjwaumzi-mveliso we-teralkufuneka ibe neenkqubo zokulawula ezisemgangathweni ezisemgangathweni, ukusuka kuluhlazaisixhobo (amalahle) ukuthabatha ukuya kwindawo yokugqibelaimvelisoDispatch. Oku kubandakanya uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lweeparameter eziphambili (indawo yokuthambisa,i-viscofity, umxholo we-ASh, qi, i-ti, ti, njl njl) kunye nokubambelela kwimigangatho yehlabathi. Abathengi kufuneka bajonge abathengisi ababonakalayo ngeenkqubo zabo zovavanyo kwaye bazimisele ukubonelela ngezatifikethi zohlalutyo (ii-COA) ezivela kwi-labs edumileyo, ezizimeleyo ukuba ziceliwe. Njengomzi-mveliso nge-7imvelisoImigca, sikwi-Zgghty iyakuqonda ukubaluleka kokungaguquguquki, kwaye siqinisekisa thina bethuI-coal tarkwayeI-Coal-tailIimveliso zidibana ngqo ngqo. Izatifikethi ezichanekileyo, ezinjenge-ISO 9001 yolawulo lomgangatho kunye ne-ISO 14001okusingqongileyoUlawulo, zizimpawu ezifanelekileyo zokuzibophelela komxhasi. Amava kaMarko anobuqhetseba bamaxesha athile aphantsi kwemfuneko yokuqinisekisa amaxwebhu.

Izinto kunye nonxibelelwano zezinye iindawo ezibalulekileyo. Abathumeli abanamava njengathi, ukuthunyelwa rhoqo e-USA, kuMbindi Merika, eYurophu nase-Australia, ukuqonda iindlela zokuhambisa zamanye amazwe, ukuvunywa kwesiko, nokuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwexesha. Cacisa, ngokukhawuleza, kunye nonxibelelwano olufanelekileyo, ngokukhethekileyo kubameli bokuthengisa abanokuqonda okuhle kweimvelisoKwaye iimfuno zomthengi (nokuba azikho ngobuchwephesha kakhulu), zinokuthintela ukungaqondani kunye nokulibaziseka. Ukujongana nePhando yePhando likaMarko malunga nonxibelelwano olungalunganga lubalulekile; Umthengisi kufuneka abe nokusebenza kwaye uphendula. Iindlela eziguqukayo nezikhuselekileyo zinegalelo kulwalamano oluthembekileyo. Ekugqibeleni, abathengi njengoMark kufuneka bafune ubudlelwane bexesha elide kunye neUmgangatho ophezulu womzi-mveliso we-Tar Tat kunye nomthengisiOko kubonisa nje amaxabiso nje okhuphiswano, kodwa kukwazibophelela okungagungqiyo kumgangatho, ukuthembeka, kunye nenkonzo yabathengi, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa umngcipheko onxulumene nayoukungakhuselekiUkubonelela ngokuphazamiseka kwekhonkco.

I-fetays eziphambili ekufuneka ikhumbule:

• Tearyikota eqhelekileyo;I-coal tarNgokucacileyo i-byproduct yeamalahleI-carbonization, etyebileyo e-Aromaticikhemikhalis.
• I-Coal-tailyintsalela ehlaziyiweyo evelaI-coal tarUkudibana, ngokuqhelekileyo auqinilengePightikhabhoniUmxholo, osetyenziswa njenge-binder kunye nokukroba amanzi.
• I-asphaltisetyenziswe ngaphakathiindlelaIsiphango siqhelekileI-Petroleum Asphalt(i-bitmen), intsalela ukusuka ekrwadaioyileUkucoca, kwahlukile kwimichiza ukusukaI-coal tar.
• I-PetroleumIngaba iumthomboyeI-Petroleum Asphaltkunye nezinye iifonti ezininzi kwayeishishini imvelisos.
• IumahlukoImvelaphi (amalahlevsI-Petroleum) Khokela ngokwahlukileyoikhemikhaliIingoma, iipropathi, kunyeisiceloS kwezimnyama, Vidiyoisixhobos.
• Kubaishishiniisebenzisa njengokunyibilika kwealuminium, i-stieelmenking, kunye neentambo ezikhethekileyo, iipropathi ezithile zeI-coal tarkwayeI-Coal-tail(E.G., ephezuluikhabhoni, ikhemikhaliUkuchasana) kuxatyisiwe kakhulu.
• Ukutya okuphezuluI-coal tariimveliso kunyeI-Petroleum CokeIfuna ukukhetha umboneleli ngononophelo, egxile kuqinisekiso lomgangatho, inkcazo echanekileyo, izinto ezinokuthenjwa, izinto ezinokuthenjwa, kunye nonxibelelwano olucacileyo lokuphepha abathengi njengabo bajamelene nabathengi be-thompson.
• Ukuqonda i-nues phakathi kweziisixhobosukunceda ekwenzeni izigqibo ezinolwazi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyoukwakhiwakwayeishishini isicelos, uqinisekisa ilungeloimvelisoisetyenziselwa injongo echanekileyo.