Ho utloisisa mashala khalase ea mashala: Tataiso e felletseng nthong ena ea ho feto-fetoha ha lik'hemik'hale

Malinyane a masoa, masela a sa utloisiseng empa a sa utloisisoa hangata a sa utloisiseng, ke lejoe la indasteri ea sejoale-joale. Ntho ena e ntšo, e nang le precous ea ts'ebetso ea mashala, e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho tsohle ho tloha aluminim e nkhang hamonate le ho etsa tlhahiso ea ho etsa lihlahisoa tsa ts'ebetso ea carbon. Haeba u kenya letsoho khoang bakeng sa liindasteri tse kang aluminium, tšepe, kapa tlhahiso ea motlakase oa motlakase, ho utloisisa linate tsaMalinyane a maleal- Thepa ea eona, likopo, ka ha li sebetsana le ho li tšoara - ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho etsa liqeto tse bakoang. Sengoliloeng sena se etsa se tebileng lefatšeng laMalinyane a maleal, ho sheba leeto la eona ho tsoa linthong tse tala ho ea bohlokoaLiindasteriKarolo, e hlalosa hore na ke hobane'ng ha u khetha se nepahetsengmorekisiLitaba, 'me u taliseng mefokolong ea lintlha tse kang boleng le polokeho. E le moetsi ea nang le boiphihlelo bo bongata (lebitso la ka ke AllenPitchLihlahisoa.

1. Ke eng e hantle haholo Ponahalo ea Motheo

Malinyane a malealha e le hantle keho jara masalae siile kamoradistillationea tar ea mashala. Talri ea mashala ka boeona ke metsi a teteaneng, e ntšo e fumanoeng joalo kaka sehlahisoaHa Coal e futhumatsoa ka matla ha a le sieo moeeng, mokhoa o bitsoang carbonization, haholo-holo nakong eaetsatsaCokebakeng sa tšepeIndasteri. Nahana ka sena tjena: talr tal e na le motsoako o rarahaneng oa oa bohlokoalik'hemik'halemetsoako. Ha re futhumala haholoanyane le ho arola likarolo tsena (joalo kaNaphthalene, Phenol, leAnthraceneOli), lisebelisoa tse boima, tse setseng qetellong keMalinyane a maleal.

Sena se hlahisoaPitchke ea semily ho soeufatsa ho soothonthoKa mocheso oa kamore, e ba botenya,li-viccousmetsi ha a futhumatsa. Boemo ba eona ba 'mele bo ne bo itšetlehile haholo ka mocheso o lebisang feelaKeletsotsaPitch. E ngotsoe haholo ka motsoako o rarahaneng oa polycyccarbons e monko oa polycyccarbons (mapolanka) Ho hlakilesebopehoe ka fapana ho latela mohloli oa khopolo ea Mohlolimorekisie bohlokoa. Lintho tsena, hangata li bitsoa feela joalo kaPitch, e beha mokokotlo oa ho tšoaea liphoso tse ngataLiindasterilits'ebetso.

Ho utloisisa tlhaloso ena ea mantlha ke bohato ba pele.Pitchha se ntho e bonolo feela; Ke boitsebiso bo ntlafalitsoeng ka hloko bo nang le thepa e ikhethileng e takiloeng bakeng sa ho batla likopo. Ho joalohlahisoa ka mashalaHo sebetsa mme ke ntho ea bohlokoa, e sa senyehe. Ho tlama lintho tse ikhethang tse ikhethileng tsa khabone ho etsa hore e be ea bohlokoa.

2. Setšoantšo sa boleng bo phahameng ba mashala "se hlahisitsoeng joang? Leeto la distillation

Leeto la ho tsoa tale e tala e le boleng bo holimoMalinyane a malealE kenyelletsa ketsahalo e hlokolosi e bitsoang li-discillations tse bitsoang li-disclunal. Ts'ebetso ena e arola likarolo tse fapaneng tsa tale e tsoang ho lintlha tsa bona tse fapaneng tsa ho pheha. Qalong, chefo e se nang letho ea mashala e futhumetse ka har'a maratsoana a maholo. Ha mocheso o tsoha, oli e bobebe joaloka oli e bobebe, oli ea carbolic (e nang lePhenol,NaphthaleneOli, 'me u hlatsoe boroko ba oli' me ba bokelloa ka mehala e fapaneng.

Ho se na se salimetsoang ka likarolo tsena tse bobebe li tlositsoeng kePitch. Boholo badistillatione khetholla thepa ea ho qetelaPitch, haholo-holo ea eonaNtlha e sotsang- Mocheso oo e qalang ho o qala ka tlasa maemo a itseng a liteko. Ka ho laola mocheso oa ho qetela le nako ea distillation, bahlahisi ba kang rona ba ka hlahisa limaraka tse fapaneng tsaMalinyane a maleale etselitsoe litlhoko tse ikhethang tsa indasteri, e tlohang ho limaraka tsa Softer tse nang le lintlha tse tlase tse nang le mokhoa o tlase oa ho nolofatsa limaraka tse thatamocheso o phahamengho hanyetsa.

Taolo ea boleng nakong enaetsaTs'ebetso e bohlokoa. E lumellanafuthumatsa, taolo ea mocheso e nepahetseng, 'me ho arohana ka hloko ka thibelo ka hloko hoa bohlokoa ho netefatsa hore e hlahisoaMalinyane a maleale kopana le litlhaloso tse hlokahalang bakeng sa thepa e joaloNtlha e sotsang, boleng bo batang, Quinoline e se nkunsel (qi), Toluene e rekoloha (Ti), leAshdikahare. Sena se tiisaPitche sebetsa ka mokhoa o tšehetsang joalokaTlamahanokapa ho kenella ka ts'ebeliso ea eona ea ho qetela. Ts'ebetso eohle e hloka hore e be thepa ea bohlokoa ea tekheniki ea tekheniki ea ho hlahisa chelete ea ho hlahisaPitchsehlahisoa.

3. Ke eng e etsang hore molumo oa taldal o bohlokoa haholo indastering? Lihlooho tsa Bohlokoa tsa Bohlokoa

Bohlokoa baMalinyane a maleale tsoa ho motsoako oa eona o ikhethang oa 'mele lelik'hemik'halethepa. Pele, bokhoni ba eona bo khahlisang bo bohlokoa. Ha a futhumatsa,Pitche nolofala le ho phalla, ho koloba ka katleho le ho koaloa ka lisebelisoa tse ling tse kangCoke ea peteroleumkapa anthracite. Ha u phopholetsa kapa ho fetafuthumatsa(carbonization), e theha e matla, e tebaCarbonMatrix, ea khethang tsena lia atleha hammoho. Sena se e etsa e ikhethangTlamahanohoetsatsaCarbonLi-hoodes,graphite electroses, leDispacurylisebelisoa.

Taba ea bobeli,Malinyane a maleale na le phahamengCarbondikahare le boleng bo phahameng bo holimo. Sena se bolela hore ha a futhumatsa mocheso o phahameng ha ho na moea, e fana ka bongata bo boholo ba moeaCarbon (Coke Coke), e kenya letsoho mohahong le boitšoarong ba sehlahisoa sa ho qetela, joalo kagraphite electrosese sebelisoang ho li-arc tsa motlakaseLi-Furnaces. Sebopeho sa eona se sohramatic se boetse se kenya letsoho ho sebopeho sagraphitenakong ea ts'ebetso e phahameng ea mocheso (skinization).

Thepa e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa e kenyelletsa tlhaho ea eona ea Thermoplane (e nolofalletsangfuthumatsa, ho tiisa ho pholile), tlaseAshLikahare (litšila), lisebelisoa tse ntle tsa motlakase ka sebopeho sa eona se seholo, le ho hanyetsa metsi le lik'hemik'hale, ho etsa hore e be e sirelletsangkoaeLikopo. Tse ikhethangKeletsotsaPitche tla etsa thepa e kangNtlha e sotsang, Viscosity, le boleng bo koahelang, ho lumella basebelisi ho khetha tse loketseng haholomofuta oa molumobakeng sa ts'ebetso ea bona. Litšobotsi tsena tsa tlhaho li etsaMalinyane a malealLintho tsa bohlokoa tse tala ho indasteri e fapaneng ea boima.

4. Ke indasteri ea indasteri e itšetlehileng haholo ka molumo oa mashala oa mashala? Likopo tse kholo li phatlohile

Malinyane a malealke litaba tsa mosebetsi, tse bohlokoa litsing tse 'maloa tse kholo. Likopo tsa eona li fapane, li na le matla a tsona a ikhethang a kang aTlamahano, ho kenella, le mohloli oaCarbon. Mona ke libaka tse ling tsa bohlokoa mooHo sebelisoa ho sebelisoa:

• Indasteri ea aluminium:Sena ke khokahano e kholo ea tumello eaMalinyane a maleal. E sebeletsa e le ea mantlhaTlamahanobakeng saCoke ea peteroleum'me ea nchafatsa li-butts tsa anodeetsaea likhahla tsa khabone tse sebelisoang ho ts'ebetso ea Hall-Héroult bakeng saaluminium a holofatsa. Boleng baPitchHo sebetsana ka katleho le ts'ebetso ea Anode ea Anode leAluminiumts'ebetso ea tlhahiso.
• Indasteri ea tšepe: Malinyane a maleale sebelisoa tlhahisong eaDispacuryLi-litene le li-sophoneries tsa monolithic bakeng sa litlolo tse phahameng tsa maoatleLi-Furnaces, ho kenyeletsoa lerōle le leholo le ho ba ArcLi-Furnaces. Bokhoni ba eona ba ho theha matlaCarbonBond Bond tichere e phahameng e fana ka khanyetso e ntle haholo ho ho kenella ha tšepe hantle. E boetse e sebelisoa libapali tsa taphong.
• Tlhahiso ea profinse:Boleng bo phahamengMalinyane a maleal (Pitch ea motlakase e motlakase) e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hlahisagraphite electroses, e sebelisoang ho elecc ea motlakaseLi-Furnaces(O bala) bakeng sa ho ikamahanya le tse lingMetalDurgylits'ebetso. E sebetsa joalo ka bobeliTlamahanoBakeng saCokelikaroloana ebile e le moemeli ea kenang ho eketsa letsoalo le matla a bakiloengElectrode. Tlhokahalo eagraphite electrosesLitšusumetso ka kotlolohoPitchTšebeliso.
• Likotsi le Li-sealants:Ka lebaka la thepa ea eona e ntle e nang le metsi le khakatso,Pitche sebelisoa ho SireletsaLikotsiBakeng sa lipeipi, litanka le meaho ea metsing. Hape ke karolo ea marulelong e utloiloeng le ho jara matla a ho jara ho hloka thuso ebile ho hanyetse boemo ba leholimo.Mashala a mashala a mashalahangata li fuoa lits'ebetso tsena.
• Lihlahisoa tse ling tsa Carbon: Pitche sebetsa e le setsebi sa ikhethangCarbonlihlahisoa tse kangSetšoantšo sa Carbon, lehare le atlehileng (leha e le joalo hona joale), 'me Carbon-Carbon e hokahanya. E sebelisoa hape hoFumaneindasteri e le karolo ea boea ba bohlanya le hloboLikotsi.

Phapang le sebopeho sa ts'ebetso saMalinyane a maleale etse phosoLiindasterithepa e nang le lits'ebetso tse fapaneng.

5. Hobaneng ha a hlakola binder ea aluminium a nkhang hamonate?

Ka mathomo oa mantlhaAluminiumindasteri, tlhahiso ea bohloeki bo phahamengAluminiume itšetleha ka motlakase oa Alumina (Aluminium Oxide) e qhibilihisitsoe ka moltinal Cryelite. Ts'ebetso ena e hloka kholoCarbonli-suodes, tse jeoang nakong ea karabelo.Malinyane a malealke a ratoang hohleTlamahanoBakeng sa ho etsa li-ades tsena, haholo-holo ka mabaka a mabeli: Mekhoa ea eona e tlamang ea eona le holimoCarbonKhefutsa.

ThePitche tlameha ho koloba ka molaoCoke ea peteroleumAbggregate, tlatsa li-vods pakeng tsa likaroloana, 'me u fane ka matla a "botala" ho motsoako pele o baka. Ha botalaAode(motsoako oa coke lePitch) e apehoa mochesong o phahameng (ho pota 1100-1200 ° C), TheMalinyane a malealINVESTOScarbonization. E etsa le ho fetoloa e le matla, ka motlakaseCarbonmatrix (Coke Coke) e tlamaCokelikaroloana hammoho. Boleng bona bo hohelang bo netefatsa hore liakede tse halikiloeng e na le tse hlokoangletsoalo, matla le khanyetso e tlase e hlokahalang bakeng sa ts'ebetso e tšosang e nkhang hamonate.

Ntle le moo, tse ikhethangsebopeho sa lik'hemik'haletsaMalinyane a malealKakaretso ea eona e monko o mo nkhathatsa haholo, e kenya letsoho ho hanyetsanang le seotsi ho oxidation le karabelo ka moea oa lisele tse thata. Le ha ho se ho hlahlobiloe ka bongataMalinyane a malealKa tekanyo e kholoAluminiumtlhahiso. Boleng bo sa fetoheng baBinder Binderke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea anode, ts'ebeliso e ka bang matla le ts'ebetso e akaretsang eaaluminium a holofatsats'ebetso.

6. Teng ea mashala e sebetsoa ka tlhahiso ea tšepe le ho pheta-pheta joang?

Malinyane a malealE bapala e le ea bohlokoa, e seng molaong e fapaneng, e be karolo indastering ea tšepe ha e bapisoa leAluminium. Ts'ebetso ea eona ea mantlha mona e amana le ts'ebetso ea mocheso o phahameng, haholo-holo hoDispacuryLisebelisoa tse sebelisoang ho li-moqapi tsa metsamao le lijana tse amehang ho Steelmaking le tse lingmetallirgylits'ebetso. Ha e tsoakana le li-aggrantoigs tse kang Magnesia kapa alumina-setšoantšo,Pitche sebetsa e le ea nakoanaTlamahanoNakong ea ho theha le mohloli oa tefoCarbonKamora ho thunya.

Nakong eafuthumatsakapa ts'ebetso ea ho folisa ha litoeba tsena,Malinyane a malealli-carbonodho beng. E hlahisitsoengCarbonNetwork e ntlafatsa thepa e 'maloa ea bohlokoa ea ho thekesela. E fokotsa ho hotle ka ho hlohlona ka seliba le tšepe, ho thibela ho kenella le ho fetisa bophelo ba ho khetha. E boetse e eketsa ho hatekoa ha mocheso le ho ba le botšepehi ba moea bo boholo bo fumanoeng bofubelu bo boholong, boqapi ba basisong, le li-granicer tsa mobuLi-Furnaces(Ea bala). Ho kenella ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa ho fumana litenePitchkehape e sebelisoaho tlatsaporonikile ho ntlafatsa ho hanyetsa tlhaselo ea lik'hemik'hale.

Ntle le ho pheta-pheta,Pitchka linako tse ling e sebelisoa li-coungys tsa taphong, tse sebelisetsoang ho qabola tampla ea ho phatlohaSebata. ThePitche fana ka polasetiki hape e thusa ho theha tiiso e tsitsitseng, tiiso e matla e ka emisang maemo a thata. Khetho ea tse loketsengmophato oa pitche bohlokoa, ho leka-lekanya tlhoko ea ho ntlafala nakong ea kopo le tlhoko ea chelete e phahameng ea ho phomolaCarbonle ts'ebetso ha a ntse a sebetsa.

7. Karolo ea ho phatloha ho hlahisa graphite electite e feshene?

Graphite electrosesli fumaneha habonolo ka li-enc tsa motlakaseLi-Furnaces(Meff), e sebelisoang haholo bakeng sa tlhahiso e ikhethang ea tšepe le tlhahiso ea tšepe. Lithupa tsena tse kholo tsa mokoloko o etsang hore a khanne haholoMotlakaseHona joale ho qhibiliha tšepe ea ho qhibiliha.Malinyane a malealke thepa e thata ea ho ba tengetsa, ho sebeletsa merero e 'meli ea bohlokoa: joalo kaTlamahanole joalo ka ho hlonepha.

Mothating oa pele, naleCoke(mofuta o ikhethileng oa boleng bo holimoCoke ea peteroleum) e kopantsoe lePutch ea K'hare ea elektrode, e sebetsang joalo kaTlamahano. Motsoako ona o fetisoa kapa o thetsoa kahareElectrodeSebopeho (GreenElectrode. BotalaElectrodeebe e lutse tempeleng ea mocheso ho pota 800-1000 ° C. Nakong ea ho baka, theBinder Bindere sebetsa, e etsa se tiilengCarbonmatrix e tšoereng naleCokelikaroloana hammoho, li theha bakedCarbon Electrode.

Leha ho le joalo, bakiloengCarbone ntse e na le masala a itsengporoniki. Ho fihlela holimoletsoalo, matla, matla le boitšoaro ba motlakase bo hlokahalang bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea bo-ntate, BakedElectrodee se e le mong kapa ho feta ho sebelisa lipotoloho tse tlaseMalinyane a maleal. ThePitche kenella ka har'a pores, 'meElectrodeebe e kolobisoa ke ho ts'oaroa ha ho na le tse ling tse sa sebetsengPitch. Ts'ebetso ena e eketsa letsoalo haholo 'me e ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea kakaretso ka kakaretso. Qetellong, elektrode e ts'oaroa hahololithemparetjha tse phahameng(2500-3000 ° C), ho fetola amorphousCarbonho tloha ka bobeli ba coke lePitche laetsoe haholographitesebopeho. Boleng ba mokhelo ka bobeliPitchle ho hloka kelelloPitche na le patsi bakeng sa ho hlahisa tšebetso e phahamenggraphite electroses. Ho sebelisa ka nepomocheso o phahameng oa asphalt(Pittch) ke senotlolo.

8. Na ho na le mefuta le lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa tar ea mashala e fumanehang?

Ee,Malinyane a malealha se mofuta oa mofuta o le mong - sehlahisoa kaofela. E hlahisoa literede tse fapaneng, haholo-holo e fapaneng le bonaNtlha e sotsang, e bonts'ang boemo ba ho khetholoha le ho ajoa ha boima ba bobusi bo hlahang. LITLHAKISO TSE KHOLO li kenyeletsa:

• Sekhahla se bonolo / se phahameng sa mocheso o tlase:Limaraka tsena li na le lintlha tse tlase tse nyane (hangata tse ka tlase ho 80 ° C). Li metsi tse ngata haholo mochesong oa mocheso o tlase mme li ka sebelisoa ho lits'ebeliso joalo ka mefuta e itseng ea li-sealant kapa moo ho hloka koae ho hlokahalang.
• Pitch ea mocheso o mahareng:Ena ke karolo e sebelisoang haholo, hangata e nang le lintlha tse nolofalletsang ho tloha ho 80 ° C ho fihlela ka 115 ° C (Cottleer). HonaKeletsoe otla lipakeng tsa thepa ea tlama le ho ikoetlisa.Tlolo ea lesapo la mokokotlo oa acSphaltke mofuta o tloaelehileng oa mofuta ona, o sebelisoa haholo joalo kaTlamahanohoCarbonTlhahiso ea Anode bakeng saindasteri ea aluminium.
• Hard Pitch / Pitch ea mocheso o phahameng:Lirasi tsena li na le lintlha tse ngata tse boima (hangata li ka holimo ho 115 ° C, ka linako tse ling li ngatafatsa li-150 ° C). Li hlahisa tse phahamengCokechai 'me e sebelisoa likopo tse hlokang matla a phahameng le botsitso ba botumo, bo kang bo joaloDispacuryLikopo, li ikhethilegraphiteLihlahisoa, 'me ka linako tse ling u ntse u sa sireletsehaPitchbakeng sagraphite electroses.
• PUP e fetotsoeng ea mashala e fetotsoeng:Ka linako tse ling,Malinyane a maleale fetotsoe ka mekhoa e kang ea moea o fokang moea, kalafo e futhumetseng, kapa ho kopanya le ho kopanya le lintho tse ling (petroleumLi-sorivatives, li-polymers) ho fihlela thepa e itseng.Asphalt e fetotsoengkapa sekontiri se matla se ntlafalitsoengLikotsikapa thepa ea ho penta. Mehlala e akaretsaasphalt e fetotsoenge etselitsoe tsela e itseng kapa tšebeliso ea indasteri.

Khetho eamophato oa pitchho latela ka botlalo ka kopo e reriloeng le litšobotsi tse hlokahalang tsa ts'ebetso. Joalo kamorekisi, re sebetsa haufi-ufi le bareki joaloka matšoao a Mark thompson ho netefatsa hore ba amohela tokeloKeletsommemofuta oa molumoe hlokahala bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa bona tsa ho etsa lihlahisoa, ebang ke tsaAluminium le graphitelihlahisoa kapa ts'ebeliso e 'ngoe. Ho lumellana kahare ho e mong le e mongKeletsoke senotlolo sa liphetho tse tšepahalang tsa tlhahiso.

9. U ka supa joang mofani ea tšepahalang oa mashala? Tataiso ea Moreki

Bakeng sa litsebi tsa liofisiri tse kang matšoao Thompson, ComringMalinyane a malealHo tloha ho barekisi ba machaba, haholo-holo ho tsoa linaheng tse kang China, bo hloka ho ipabola ka hloko. Ho Fumana Tšepomorekisiha e felle feela ka theko ea tlholisano; E mabapi le ho netefatsa lintlha tse thata, tse tšepahalang le puisano e hlakileng. Mona ke lintlha tsa Bohlokoa Tse Lokelang ho Nahanang:

• Ho Fetoha ha boleng le taolo:Hona hoa bohlokoa. Kopa barekisi ba ka bang teng ka mekhoa ea bona ea boleng. Na ba leka sehlopha se seng le se seng? Na ba ka fana ka setifikeiti se sa phelengNtlha e sotsang, Qi, Ti,AshLitaba, boleng bo bolileng, jj. Li-fartories tse tsebahalang joaloka tsa rona li na le matsuane le ho latela hore na li profecls tse tlasa liteko tsa teko (e.g., maemo a Iso). Ho ba le barekisi ba sa batleng ho arolelana lintlha tse qaqileng kapa liphetho tsa eona li loantšana haholo pakeng tsa li-likepe. Ho kopa mehlala bakeng sa tlhahlobo e ikemetseng pele u beha litaelo tse kholo ke mohato o bohlale.
• Setsebi sa mahlale le tšehetso:Le ha Mareka a ka ba matla ho rekisa, ho ba le amorekisiKa kutloisiso ea botekthela ke ea bohlokoa haholo. Na ba ka buisana ka tsela e fapanengPitchthepa e ama ts'ebetso ea hau? Na ba eletsa ka nepoKeletso? Morekisi ea nang le tsebo e ka ba molekane, eseng morekisi feela. Ka mohlala, sehlopha sa rona se aparetse lilemo tsa boikutlo ba ho etsa hore ba etse hore bareki ba thusa bareki.
• Matla a tlhahiso le ho ts'epahala:Ho etsamorekisina le bokhoni bo lekaneng ho fihlela litlhoko tsa hau tse lekaneng? Rekoto ea bona ea pina ea ho fana ka nako ke efe? Lits'enyehelo tsa thomello ke ntlha e kholo ea bohloko, tlhahiso e ka tlase ea ho emisa. Batla li-frestories tse thehiloeng ka mela e mengata ea tlhahiso (joalo ka mela ea rona ea 7) e bonts'ang botsitso le bokhoni ba ho sebetsana le litaelo tse kholo. Kopa litšupiso kapa lithuto tsa linyeoe.
• Netefatso le ho latela:Netefatsa horemorekisiHo latela melao ea machabeng (joalo ka Iso 9001 bakeng sa Tsamaiso ea Bo-'mali, ISO 14001 bakeng sa taolo ea tikoloho). Botsa ka ho latela ha bona ka melao ea polokeho ea polokeho le tikoloho. Kopo likopi tsa litifike, empa hlokomela hore ho ka khoneha ho bosholu - ho netefatsa ho netefatsa hore ho ka khoneha. Ho latela ho bonts'a ts'ebetso e ikarabellang le e sebetsang.
• Puisano le Polelo:Ho qala ho sebetsa hantle haholo, haholo ho pholletsa le libaka le lipuong tsa nako. Na sehlopha sa thekiso se arabela? Na li fana ka leseli le hlakileng ka kemiso ea tlhahiso, lintlha tsa ho tsamaisa, 'me lintlha tsa ho tsamaisana le mathata? Puisano e nang le pepereneng e theha tshepo ebile e thusa ho sebetsana le litebello, ho qoba litsi tse tšoanang tse amanang le thepa kapa mantsoe a tefo.
• Thepa le liphutheloana:Buisanang ka likhetho tsa thepa (e.g. Hlakisa mantsoe a tsamaisang thepa (batho ba kenang) le ho netefatsamorekisie ntse e romella sebakeng sa heno (USA, Europe, jj.). Balekane ba nang le thepa e tšepahalang ba bohlokoa bakeng sa ho pepa ka nako e loketseng.
• Theko ea lithekoHa tlholisano ea tlholisano e bohlokoa, khetho e theko e tlaase ha e hantle kamehla. Ntho ea ho fetoha ha boleng, ho ts'epahala, le litšenyehelo tse ka bang teng tsa tlhahiso tse bakoang ke substrardPitch. Sepheo sa boleng bo botle ka ho fetisisa, litšenyehelo tsa ho lekanya le ho tšepahalaPhepelo.

Ho fumana tokelomashala khalase mofani oa motlakase oa mashalae hloka ho khothela. Ho etela fektheri, ho ea lipontšong tsa indasteri (moo re neng re kopana le bareki ba ka bang teng), le ho aha kamano e thehiloeng ho ts'epo le ho netefatsoa ho khothaletsoa haholo.

10. Kutloisiso le ho sebetsana le ho pepeseha ha meputso ea mashala ea massage ea mashala ka mosebetsi

Ho sebetsa leMalinyane a malealhloka tlhokomelo ea polokeho ka lebaka la bokhoniTLHOKOMELISO EA MosebetsihoMalinyane a mashala a mashala a mashala(CTPVS), e kenyeletsang hydrocarbons (pahs).Kgahlameloe ka hlahainhalationea mosi kapa lerōle,Kopano ea DrmatallePitchka boeona, kapa ho kenella (ka mokhoa o fapaneng, hangata ka lebaka la bohloeki bo bobe). Ho bohlokoa ho indasteri e sebelisangPitchho kenya tšebetsong mehato ea polokeho ea moroalo.

Ho pepesetsoa tale ea caalli-sorivatives tse kangPitche ka lebisa litlamong tse ka bang molemo. Nako e khutšoanekgahlameloho phahamaTLHOKOMELISOmaemo a CTPV a ka bakaPherekano ea Pherekano ea Pherekano, ho otla hlooho, ho ba le tse tabang le pelo. Nako e telele kapa e phetoaKopano ea Drmatale ka lebisa ho Photosensitivity (ho etsa letlalo le tebileng ho khanya ea letsatsi), follculitis, makhopho le tse lingMaemo a letlalo. Nako e teleleinhalation kgahlameloe kopantsoe le likotsi tse matla tsa basolo ba bang, haholo-holo ba letlalo, matšoafo, ke ka lebaka la tsamaiso ea mosebetsi o phahameng)kgahlamelomeeli (pel) bakeng sa CTPV homosebetsi.

Ho Laolakgahlameloe kenyelletsa boemo ba taolo:

• Litšitiso tsa boenjiniere:Lits'ebetso tse koalang, ho sebelisa sintilation ea lehae (leleme) ho hapa modumo ho mohloli (e.G., nakong ea ho kopanya, Jofese bakingSebataTs'ebetso), le mesebetsi ea ho kenya letsoho ho fokotsa ho kopana ho ka ho toba ho sebetsa hantle haholo.
• LITLHAKISO TSA BOPHELO:Ho fokotsa nako ea basebetsi ba qeta ho supakgahlameloLibaka, li kenya tšebetsong mekhoa e thata ea mosebetsi, e fana ka libaka tse inehetseng tsa ho ja / ho hlahlobisisa libaka tsa mosebetsi, le ho lekola libaka tsa mosebetsi kamehla ho lekanya CTPVTLHOKOMELISOmaemo.
• Lisebelisoa tsa ts'ireletso ea motho (PPE):Ena ke mohala oa ho qetela oa ts'ireletso mme o kenyelletsa leqeba le loketseng (e khethiloeng ho latelakgahlamelomaemo) a atisang groas, a sa lekanyetsoang, matichere le tšireletso ea mahlo. Koetliso e nepahetseng mabapi le ho sebelisa lipiki le ho e lokisa e bohlokoa.
• Hygiene:Ho hatisa ho hlatsoa matsoho kamehla le ho hlapa kamora ho fetoha ha li-shif ho bohlokoa ho tlosa tefo efe kapa efePitchho tsoa letlalong.

Ha a ntse aMalinyane a malealke ea bohlokoaLiindasteriBoitsebisoTLHOKOMELISO EA Mosebetsi. Barekisi ba nang le botumo ba tlameha ho tseba ho fana ka maqephe a polokeho ea ts'ireletsoPitchLihlahisoa. Ho fokotsakgahlameloHo sireletsa bophelo bo botle ba mongane 'me ho netefatsa ho latela melao ea tsamaiso.

Litsela tsa senotlolo mabapi le molumo oa mashala oa mashala

Ho phetela sethunya sa rona saMalinyane a maleal, mona ke lintlha tsa bohlokoa tseo ke lokelang ho li hopola:

• Tšimoloho: Malinyane a malealkeho jara masalaho tsoa hodistillationea tal ea mashala ea ho hloka mashala, aByproductea khokahano ea mashala.
• Thepa ea Bohlokoa:Boleng ba eona ba mantlha bo lula ka bokhoni ba bona bo tlamang bo tlamang le bo phahamengCarbonfana ka chaifuthumatsa (Coke Cokesebopeho).
• Lipere tse kholo:Ke ea bohlokoaTlamahanobakeng saCarbonanodes inaluminium a holofatsa, ea bohlokoa hoEtsa setšoantšo sa profil, e sebelisoang indastering ea tšepeLiphetoho, 'me u fumanoe ka ho khethehaLikotsile liqhetsoana.
• Limaraka: Pitche tla litemaneng tse fapaneng (e bonolo, e bonolo, e thata, e fetotsoe) e thehiloeng haholoNtlha e sotsang, e tsamaisang e fapanengLiindasteriLikopo Tse joaloLi-Blocks tse bohareng ba asphalt.
• Khetho ea mofani:Ho khetha ho tšepahalamorekisiE kenyelletsa ho netefatsa ho netefatsa ho etsa lintho tse feto-fetohang, tšehetso ea mahlale, bokhoni ba tlhahiso, bokhoni ba tlhahlobo, litifikeiti tsa puisano le thepa ea thepa le thepa ea thepa. Tsepamisa maikutlo boleng ka botlalo, eseng theko feela.
• Ts'ireletso: TLHOKOMELISO EA MosebetsihoMalinyane a mashala a mashala a mashala(CTPVS / PAHS) E hloka taolo e hlokolosi ka ho laola boenjinee, lits'ebetso tse loketseng le mekhoa e metle ea bohloeki ho nyenyefatsa likotsi tsa bophelo bo botle joalo kaMaemo a letlalokapaPherekano ea Pherekano ea Pherekano.

Ho utloisisa likarolo tsena tsaMalinyane a malealLitsebi tsa litsebi tsa motlakase li-amixes a amanang le ho etsa liqeto hantle, li ntlafatsa lits'ebetso tsa tsona, 'me li etsa bonnete ba ho sebetsana le boemo bona bo sireletsehileng ho ba bohlokoantho ea lik'hemik'hale. E le moetsi ea inehetseng, re ikemiselitse ho fana ka boleng bo phahamengPitchLihlahisoa le ho ts'ehetsa bareki ba rona lefatšeng ka bophara.