TAR, tal ea mashala, leqhubu la mashala, asphalt le peterole - phapang ea litlhoko tsa hau le tsa indasteri?

O kile oa iphumana o nyameletsoe ke mantsoe a kangtar, mashala tal, Pitch ea Coal-Tar, Asphalt, lepetroleum? Ha u mong! Tsenae ntšo, ViscousLintho tse bonahalanghangata o boleloa hangata ho tsebiso ho tloha hoMmila kahoho fapanaLiindasteri Kopos. Ho utloisisa tšimoloho ea bona e ikhethang, thepa, leSebelisaS ke ea bohlokoa, haholo-holo haeba u indastering e itšetlehileng ka eona. Sengoliloeng sena se tla fokola lintho tsena, hlalosa tsonaPhapangS, le ho totobatsa hore na hobaneng ho khetha se nepahetsengsehlahisoale mofani oa thepa ea joalo ka Zgpermy, o bohlokoa bakeng sa katleho ea hau. Re tla ithuta joangmashalaHo Etsoa ke Lihlahisoa tsa Bohlokoa, JoangpetroleumE bapala karolo ea eona, 'me u na le moreki ea nang le tekolo joaloka puo ea Mareka, e lokela ho batla. Itokisetse ho itihela ka ho teba lefatšeng la bohlokoaLiindasteri Lintho tse bonahalangS!

1. Ke eng e fapaneng, 'me e fapana joang le phapo ea mashala le sebopeho?

Kotara "tar"ke e pharaletseng, hangata e sebelisoa ho hlalosa eng kapa engbotenya, e lefifi, e leng ViscousMokelikeli o motšo. Empa ka kutloisiso e ngata haholoanyane,tarhangata e hlahisoa ke ho khetholla ha manyoloLintho tse bonahalangs. Tse ikhethangMohloliea OrganicLintho tse bonahalangke eona e re fang mefuta e fapaneng eatar. Mohlala, lehongtare tsoa lehong, hatarRe khahliloe haholoLiindasterimerero,mashala tal, e tsoa homashala. ThePhapanghoMohloliE lebisa ho bohlokoaPhapangholik'hemik'haleSebopeho hape, ka lebaka leo, thepa ea bona leSebelisas.

Mashala tale fumaneha ka mokhoa o hlakileng nakong ea khokahanyo eamashalaho hlahisaCoke(e sebelisoang ho Steelmaking) kapaKhase ea mashala. Ts'ebetso ena e kenyelletsa ho futhumatsamashalaho na le mocheso o phahameng haholo ha ho namoea. Likhanya tse sa fetoheng nakong ea ho futhumatsa li bokelloa le ho tsoaloa ho etsa bohlasoamashala tal. Ho senyeha honamashala talke motsoako o rarahaneng oa makholo a batho ba makhololik'hemik'hale MultindS, hangata li-hydrocarbons tse ntle haholo-holo tsa li-hydrocatic, li-penimonion le metsoako ea heterocycleclec e. Ho fapana le ba bangtarS,mashala tale joalo e bohlokoalik'hemik'hales likeBenzene, Tolueene, Xylenes, Nafthalene le Anthracene, e ka nngoeng e fapanengKopos.

Kahoo, ha a le "tar" ke nako e akaretsang,mashala talke ntho e itsengMofutatsatarka se hlalosoang hantleMohloli-mashala. Mohanyetsilik'hemik'haleTlhaho eamashala tale etsa hore e be ntho e fapaneng haholo le ea boikhathollo le ea boikhatholloLintho tse bonahalangbapisoa le generictarS e tsoa mehloling e meng ea manyolo. Ho utloisisa motheo onaPhapangke mohato oa pele oa ho ananela mefuta ea eona e fapaneng eaSebelisas. Thepa e ikhethileng eamashala talstem ka kotloloho ho tsoa homashalaE tsoa ho le mocheso o phahameng.

2. Tal ea mashala e hlalositsoeng: ho hatella ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa ea mashala?

Mashala talka sebele ke ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa haholomashalaE sebetsa, ka kotloloho hotlhahiso ea cokekapaKhase ea mashala. Nengmashalae futhumetse mocheso o feteletseng (hangata o fetang 900 ° F) tikolohong ea okgejene - ts'ebetso e tsejoangCoke. Karolo e kholo ea taba e sa fetoheng e tsamaisoa, eo, kaha ho futhumatsa, ho theola, ho theola mantsoe ho theha abotenya, ViscousMokelikeli o motšo: ho khelohamashala tal. Sena ha se litšila feela; Ke treave ea letlotlo lalik'hemik'hale Multinds. TheTlhahisotsamashala tale hokahane le indasteri ea tšepe (eo litlhoko lifeCoke) le pale ea nalane ea nalane ea nalaneTlhahiso.

Bohlokoa bamashala tale lutse maemong a eona a enneng le a thata. Ke moqapi oa makholo a makholo a fapanenglik'hemik'hales, haholo-holo hydrocarbons joalo kaBenzene, Tolueene, Xylenes, Xunagene, Anthracene, Anthracene, Anthracene, Anthracene, Bongata ba batho banaMultindS e ka nts'oa ka disclation e arotsoeng, mokhoa o arohanyang lintho tse ipapisitseng le lintlha tsa bona tse phehang. Sena sea etsamashala talMohala oa bohlokoaLintho tse bonahalangBakeng salik'hemik'haleindasteri. Sebopeho se tobileng samashala tale ka fapana ho latelaMofutatsamashalasebelisoa le maemo a ts'ebetso ea carbonization, e ama karolo ea eona e latelangSebelisalesehlahisoas tsoa ho eona.

Nalane,mashala tale fumanoeSebelisaka lits'ebetso tse fapaneng. Pele ho hlaha ha Petrochemicals, e ne e le ea mantlhaMohloliBakeng sa litsobotsi tse ngatalik'hemik'haleS e sebelisitsoe ho daes, liqhomane le merimaticauls. Esita le litlhare tse ling tsa holimoMaemo a letlalojoalo kaPASORAISISmmeEczema, kapa metsoako kaDandruffShampoos, e fumanoeng histori e ile ea hloekisoamashala talka lebaka la thepa ea eona ea ho ikatisa le e thibelang. Leha ho le joalo, ea mantlhaLiindasteri SebelisaKajeno, ho potoloha mosebetsi o tsoelang pele ho sebetsa ka thataetsatsaCarbonLihlahisoa. Leeto lamashalahomashala talke Testamente ea hore na lits'ebetso tsa indasteri li ka fetola sesebelisoa sa mantlha ka lebaka la bohlokoa.

3. Putch ea taal-tal-tal: se etsang hore boitsebiso bona bo hloekisitsoeng bo be bo ikhethang?

Pitch ea Coal-Tarke ea bohlokoasehlahisoae nkiloeng ho ts'ebetso e 'ngoe e' ngoe ea bohlasoamashala tal. Kamora ho qalaTlhahisotsamashala talho tlohamashalaho ts'oaroa, e fetisa discotional. Nakong ena, likaroloana tse fapaneng tsa oli tse bobebe (joalo ka oli e bobebe, oli ea carbolic, e le oli ea NAPHLANE) e tlosoa ka lithemparetjha tse fapaneng. Ho se na ho lateloa likarolo tsena tse sa phelengPitch ea Coal-Tar. Ke masala a tsoang ho senaHo khetholla tar ea caal. Sena sea etsaPitch ea Coal-Tare hloekisitsoeng haholoanyane le ho tsepamisa maikutloLintho tse bonahalangbapisoa le ho hloka tokamashala tal.

Ho Ikhethileng saPitch ea Coal-Tare mathile lipelong tsa eona. Ka tloaelo ke ae ntšokapa e sootho e soothotiileka mocheso oa kamore, leha e ka hlahisoa ka mefuta ea metsi ka ho fapanaViscosity. Litšobotsi tsa eona tsa bohlokoa li kenyelletsa bokhoni bo botle ba metsi, bo phahameng haholo holik'hemik'haleTlhaselo (Acids, Alkalis, le Salts), ho itlotsa ka matla libakeng tse fapaneng, le tse phahamengCarbondikahare. Mesebetsi ena ea etsaPitch ea Coal-Tare na le thuso e ikhethang bakeng sa ho batloanaLiindasteri Kopos. TheetsatsaPitch ea Coal-Tare ka tsamaisoa ho fihlela lintlha tse ikhethang leViscositylimaraka, ho latela sepheo sa eonaSebelisa.

Mohlala, e phahameng ea eonaCarbonLitaba lia etsaPitch ea Coal-TarBinder e ratoang hoTlhahisotsaCarbonLiindasteri tsa Aluminium le Steels E boetse e sebelisoa libakeng tse marulelong le li-shingles ka lebaka la litšoaneleho tsa eona tsa metsi, joalo kakoaeBakeng sa lipeipi ho thibela moqomo, le lipelong tse ikhethang. Sehlopha se itseng saPitch ea Coal-Tar, joalo kaTlolo ea lesapo la mokokotlo oa acSphaltkapaMocheso o phahameng oa asphalt, e laela hore eona e be le tšusumetso ena bakeng sa ho fapanaSebelisas. Phetoho e Tsoang ho Felingmashala talho hloekisoaPitch ea Coal-Tare ntlafatsa haholo boleng ba eona le ho sebetsa ka molao ka likarolong tse ikhethang tsa indasteri.

4. Ntlha e ka har'a liphapang: Cul-taal vs. Na ba hokahane?

Che,mashala talmmePitch ea Coal-TarHa e hlile ha e sa kenella ka mokhoa o tšoanang, leha e amana haufi-ufi. Ea mantlhaPhapange lula sethaleng ea tsona ea ts'ebetso le sebopeho se hlahisoang.Mashala talke oa peleMokelikeli o motšoByproduct e fumanoeng ka kotloloho ho tsoa ho carbonization eamashala. Ke motsoako o rarahaneng o nang le lisebelisoa tse ngata tse ngatalik'hemik'hale Multinds and limolek'hule tse matla. E nahane ka eona joalo ka e talaLintho tse bonahalangncha e tsoang hoCokeoinns.

Pitch ea Coal-Tar, ka lehlakoreng le leng, e hloekilesehlahisoae tsoang homashala talka li-distillation. Nakong eaHo khetholla tar ea caal, e bobebe, e bobebe, likaroloana tse ngata tse feto-fetohang (li-or, likere, oli a oli.Pitch ea Coal-Tarke motho ea boima, ea sa fetoheng o sa fetoheng. Hona ho bolelaPitch ea Coal-Tare na le khatello e phahameng haholo ea li-hydrocarbons tse thata-kholo-tse phahameng haholo tsa monko o monate le litaba tse tlase haholo tsa manyolo a sa fetohengMultinds (li-vocs) li bapisoa le ho senyehamashala tal. Ka tloaelo ke atiilekapa semi-tiile Lintho tse bonahalangmocheso oa kamore, athemashala talke mokelikeli. Taba ena ea bohlokoaPhapangmaemong a mmele lelik'hemik'haleMaketso a etsa hore a ikhetheleKopos.

TheSebelisalinyeoe ka ho hlaka sena ka ho hlaka senaPhapang. Ho hloka tokamashala tale kanna ea sebelisoa ka kotloloho ho lits'ebetso tse ling tse kholo, tse sa khaotseng kapa, hangata li sebetsa e le phepelo ea li-disctock tsa li-disculle.Pitch ea Coal-Tar, ka thepa ea eona e ikhethang e tšoanangCarbonLitaba, likopano tse ntle tsa ho tlamahane, 'me u kenelle metsi, ho buuoa ka enjineri bakeng sa litlhoko tse ngataLiindasteriLikarolo. Mohlala, theTlhahisoea li-alumin tsa khabone bakeng sa aluminium e fofelang haholo limaraka tse ikhethang tsaPitch ea Coal-Tarjoalo ka binder. O ne o ke ke oa sebelisa e talamashala talBakeng sa sena, ha batho ba eona ba phahameng ba ka baka mathata nakong ea ho baka le ho sebetsa. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ts'ebetso e phahamengMashala a mashala a mashalali etselitsoe ho nolofalloa ho boloka mekhoa ea ho sebetsana le boipiletso moo motho a tloaetseng ho mo rata le ho hloeka ha molumo o boima. Kahoo, ha bobeli ba bona ba tsoamashala, Pitch ea Coal-Tare sebetsoa le ho feta, e ikhethang, 'me hangata e le ea bohlokoa le ho fetaLintho tse bonahalangho feta motsoali oa bona,mashala tal.

5. Asphalt e hlahlojoa: Na ke tar, e thehiloeng peterole, kapa ho na le ho hong bakeng sa ho ipata?

Ena ke ntlha e tloaelehileng ea pherekano! Ha bobeli le bonaAsphaltmmetar(ka ho khethehamashala tal) kee ntšo, e thataLintho tse bonahalangs sebelisoa hoMmila kahole ho thella, ke lik'hemik'hale ka lik'hilonyehe ebile li na le litsobotsi tse fapaneng. TheAsphaltesale pele e sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa litsela tse patiloeng kajeno kePetroleum Asphalt, e tsejoa hape e le bitumen. Ke phproduct eapetroleumho hloekisa. Ha o sa hlakaOliea e hlekefetsoa, ​​likaroloana tse bobebe joaloka peterole, soel le letsoai la jete lia tlosoa. Masala a boima, a liketsahalo tse setseng ka tlase kePetroleum Asphalt.

Mashala tal, joalo ka ha re ntse re buisana, ho tsoa ho carbonization eamashala. Ha a ntse amashala talle litsi tsa eona li tšoana lePitch ea Coal-Tare ne e sebelisetsoa nalane bakeng saMmilaHo sesa le ho ba li-lalants (mme leha ho le joalo li ka hlakisaKopos kapa libaka),Petroleum Asphalte fetohile letheba le phahamengLintho tse bonahalangLefaga ka mabaka a 'maloa, ho kenyeletsoa litšenyehelo, ho fumaneha, le litšobotsi tsa ts'ebetso li hatiloe ke sejoale-joaleMmilamarang-rang. ThePhapangLibakeng tsa bonalik'hemik'haleMakeup e bohlokoa:Petroleum Asphalte na le boholo ba alifahatic le hydrocarbons, athemashala tale na le li-hydrocarbons tse monko o monate. HonaPhapangE ama thepa ea bona ea thepa ea bona, joalo ka monyetla oa ho ba le liphetoho mochesong oa mocheso, soeng re hanyetsoa, ​​esita le monko oa tsona.

Kahoo, ha u bona basebetsi ba ipehetseMmila, e kanna ea sebelisaPetroleum Asphalt. Ho bohlokoa hore u se ke oaSebelisaLipehelotarmmeAsphaltKa mokhoa o ts'oanang lebitsong ona, haholo-holo lipuisanong tsa mahlale, ha li lebisa ho se utloisiseng kaLintho tse bonahalang'sMohlolile thepa. Ha bobeli le khonapavebokaholimo 'me bo e etsae ntšole ho hanyetsa metsi, ts'ebetso ea bona e tlasa sephethe-phethe,TikolohoMehopolo mabapi lekgahlamelole ho baleha le ho hokahana le tse lingLintho tse bonahalangS fapana. Ka mohlala,mashala talli-sealant li tsebahala ka ho hanyetsa hantle haholo hopetroleum- Fuel fuse le li-solven, thepa e sa phatlalatsoang ka mokhoa o tloaelehilengPetroleum Asphalt. Khetho pakeng tsa bona bakeng sa tse ikhethangkahoHangata projeke e itšetlehile ka litlhoko tsa ts'ebetso, melao ea lehae le litšenyehelo.

6. Karolo ea petroleum: Oli e sa tsitsang e hokahane le asphalt le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa indasteri?

Petroleum, kapa ho senyehaOli, ke ntho e etsahalang ka tlhaho, e mosehla-Mokelikeli o motšofumaneha ka tlasa lefatše le ka tlase la lefatše, le ka bokelloang ho hlahisa mabotho a mangata leLiindasteri sehlahisoas. Khokahano ea eona hoAsphalte tobile ebile e bohlokoa: tse atileng haholoMofutatsaAsphaltsebelisoa kajeno, haholo-holo bakeng saMmilaho ipata, kePetroleum Asphalt(Bitumen), e lenge nkiloengka kotloloho ho tsoa hopetroleum. Nakong ea disclal e ferekanyangOli, likarolo li arohantsoe ho latela lintlha tse phehiloeng. Likaroloana tse bobebe joalo ka peterole, patsi, papiso le li-diyeli li tlosoa, li siea likarolo tse ngata tse boima.Petroleum Asphaltke karohano e boima ho fetisisa, e ka bang e ngata ea Viscous, masala a ka tlase.

Thepa e tobileng eaPetroleum Asphalte etse hore e be le mohlala o motle bakeng sa li-aggregrete (joalo ka lejoe le lehlabathe) ho thehaAsphaltkonkreite, thepa e sebelisoang bakeng sa litsela tse katiloeng haholo. Tlhaho ea eona ea lits'oants'o e lumella hore e be matla ebile e tšoarella haholo hoo u ka bang feto-fetoha le maemo ka ho lekaneng ho alima lirapa tsa sephethephethe le mocheso. TheTlhahisotsaPetroleum Asphalte ka laoloa ho hlahisa limaraka tse fapaneng tse nang le thata e fapaneng leViscosity, e loketseng maemo a leholimo a fapaneng le a sephethephethe. Sena sea etsapetroleume nyarosangMohloli Lintho tse bonahalangBakeng sa lebala la lefatšekahoindasteri.

NqaneAsphaltbakeng sa litsela,petroleumkeMohloliea tse ling tse ngataLiindasteri sehlahisoas. Petrochemical, e tsoang hopetroleumle khase ea tlhaho, e sebelisoa hoetsaLi-polackic, lieta tsa maiketsetso, solvents, manyolo, le bongata bo bongatalik'hemik'hales. Esita le mefuta e meng eaCarbon Black, e sebelisoang joalo ka pigment le ho tiisa hore o na le lits'oants'o le rabara tse lingsehlahisoas, e ka hlahisoa ho tsoa hopetroleumFepa. Ha mohopolo oa bohlokoa o lula o le tengmashala talle litšehente tsa eona, ho bohlokoa ho elelloapetroleumE le e 'ngoe e kholoMohloliea hydrocarbons e fuoeng lefatše la rona le ho fanaLintho tse bonahalangKe bakeng sa bophelo ba sejoale-joale, ho kenyelletsa le litsietsie ntšoho ipataLintho tse bonahalangrea letsetsaAsphalt. Sekala sapetroleumHo Hlela ho bolela horePetroleum Asphalthangata e fumaneha haholo 'me e theko e boima haholo bakeng sa merero e meholo e tsitsitseng.

7. Bapisa li-titan: Ho bohlokoa ha litaba pakeng tsa tar ea mashala, asphalt le lihlahisoa tsa peterole ka tšebeliso le thepa?

Ho utloisisa khethollo ea bohlokoa lipakengmashala talLihlahisoa,Petroleum Asphaltle tse lingpetroleum-BederdLintho tse bonahalangs ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho khetha ka ho le letonasehlahisoabakeng sa tse ikhethangKopo. Ha ba ntse ba hlaha ka linako tse linge tšoanang(e.,e ntšo, Vscous), tšimoloho ea bona,lik'hemik'haleLipina, le litšobotsi tsa ts'ebetso li fapana haholo.Mashala talle foromo ea eona e hloekisitsoeng,Pitch ea Coal-Tar, e tsoa homashala, haPetroleum Asphalt(Bitumen) le tse lingpetroleumLihlahisoa kee nkiloengho tsoa ho tse sa kopanengOli.

Mashala talLihlahisoa li na le li-hydrocarbons tsa polycyctic tse monko o monate oa polycycricans (pahs), li ba fa khanyetso e ntle haholo hoMetsi, oli, mafura, lelik'hemik'hales. Sena se etsa hore ba tšoane le lipuisano tse sirelletsang, lihlahla li maemong a thata, le joalo ka banyaneCarbonLihlahisoa tse kang li-electrode (ka lebaka la holimoCarbonKhefutsa). Leha ho le joalo, boteng baPahse bolela ho sebetsana ka hloko leTikolohoMehopolo mabapi lekgahlamelolia hlokahala.Mashala talLisebelisoa tse thehiloeng ho hanang ho senya le ho feta ho UV ho feta tse lingpetroleumasphalts.

Petroleum Asphalt, ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha e le hantle e entsoe haholo ka hydrocarbons le hydrocens ea aliphache. Ke eona e hlahelletsengLintho tse bonahalangbakeng saMmilaHo ipata ka lebaka la thepa ea eona e ntle e tlamang ea lintho tse ngata, ho feto-fetoha le maemo, ho iphahamisoa le tšebeliso e theko e phahameng. Ha e fana ka e sa phete e le ntho e sa keneleng metsi, ho hanela ha eona hopetroleum-Ba li-lebalane ka kakaretso li tlase ho feta tsamashala tal. Tse lingpetroleumLihlahisoa, joalo ka mafura le li-lulricats, li na le likotoana tse fapaneng ka ho feletseng (li-china tse bobebe tsa hydrocarbon) leSebelisas. ThePhapangholik'hemik'hale MultindMakeup e lebisa mekhabiso e fapaneng, lipono, le ho ikarabella bakeng sa tse fapanengLiindasterilits'ebetso. Mohlala, theTlhahisoea liphaephe tse ling tse ikhethang li ka ratamashala talBakeng sa ho hanyetsa lipalo tsa eona tse phahameng tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'hemik'hale, leha ho ka be le maemo a maholo ka bophara a tla lula a le tengSebelisa Petroleum Asphalt.

Mona ke papiso e bonolo:

Litsela tsena li totobatsa hore khetho eaLintho tse bonahalange itšetlehile haholo ka litlhokahalo tse khethehileng tsaKopo, ho kenyelletsa litlhoko tsa ts'ebetso,Tikolohomelao le litšenyehelo. E le fektheri, re ikhethamashala talLihlahisoa le ho utloisisa li-nunce tse etsang hore li be tse loketsengLiindasteriLikarolo.

8. Hobaneng ha pete ea boleng bo phahameng ba mashala e le efe e bohlokoa bakeng sa khoebo ea hau?

Bakeng sa likhoebo tse kang tsena tseo e leng li-tsump tsa lichamp tsa thompson, tseo e ka 'nang tsa rekeloamashala tallihlahisoa (joalo kaMalinyane a maleal) leCoke ea peteroleumBakeng sa thekiso ea li-aluminium shlters, li-mills tsa tšepe, kapaKaho ea tselalik'hamphani, boleng bo phahamengLintho tse bonahalangHa se feela khetho ea feela - ke tlhoko ea mantlha. Boleng ba tabo ea tsenaLintho tse bonahalangS e fana ka tokoloha ts'ebetso ea pheletsosehlahisoas le katleho eaLiindasterilits'ebetso li sebelisoa ho. Ka mohlala, ho smolmum e utloang, bohloeki le ho feto-fetoha haPitch ea Coal-Tare sebedisoang joalo ka moqapi oaCarbonLi-boodes li bohlokoa. Litšila kapa phapang ho boleng ba pitch boleng bo ka lebisa ho liphoso tsa boode, ho sebelisa matla a eketsehileng, le ho fokotsa aluminiumTlhahisots'ebetso. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, boleng baCoke ea peteroleum(haholo e batloa haholoCoke ea peteroleum) e ama ts'ebetso ea eona joalo kaCarbonRaiser ka ho imeloa kapa e le tawLintho tse bonahalangBakeng sa li-suodes.

Boleng bo tlasemashala talkapaCoke ea peteroleume ka tlisa mathata a mangata. Tsena li ka kenyelletsa ho sa lumellaneViscositykapa lintlha tse nolofatsang hoPitch ea Coal-Tar, e lebisang ho mathata a ts'ebetso lesehlahisoamafutsana. Bakeng saCoke ea peteroleum, e tšoaea litaba tse joaloka litaba tse phahameng tsa sulfor, taba e sa fetoheng, kapa mabokose a sa rateheng a thata a ka amaSebelisaMesebetsing ea metardictical kapa ea kenya letsoho hoTikolohoLITLHAKISO TSA BOPHELO. Joaloka motho e mong hoTlhahisoKa lehlakoreng le leng, joaloka 'na, Allen, ke bone ka mahlo ho mefuta eohle ea feshene e ka hare ho ketane eohle ea tlhahiso. Re tsetetse haholo ka 7Tlhahisomela ho netefatsa hore re khona ho sebetsamashala talka nepo 'me u hlahise boleng bo sa fetoheng, boleng bo holimoPitch ea Coal-Tarle li-sorivative tse ling.

Kameho ea Mark Thompson ka tlhahlobo ea boleng le netefatso e sebetsa hantle ka botlalo. Barekisi ba tšepahalang ba tlameha ho fana ka tiiso ea boleng ba boleng, ho kenyelletsa ho latela melao ea machabeng (joalo ka Iso) le ho tlaleha tlaleho easehlahisoalitlhaloso. Bosholu ba setifikeiti ke taba e kholo, 'me bareki ba hloka balekane ba ikemiselitseng ho tšepahala. Moeli oa boleng bo phahamengmashala talmmeCoke ea peteroleume boetse e nyenyefatsaTikoloholikotsi tse amanang le litšila 'me li netefatsa horeKopoho kopana le litlhoko tsa taolo. Qetellong, boleng bo sa tsitsitseng ho baka ts'ebetso e ntle, mathata a fokotsoang a ts'ebetso le botumo bo matla ba likhoebo tse sa tšoaroangLintho tse bonahalangs ho basebelisi ba ho qetela. Ke letsete la ho ts'epahala le khotsofalo ea bareki.

9. Tsamaisa 'marakeng: likopo tsa bohlokoa le mokhoa oa ho khetha sehlahisoa se nepahetseng sa mashala bakeng sa litlhoko tsa hau?

Mmaraka oamashala talLihlahisoa ha li na fapaneng, ka limaraka tse fapaneng le liforomo li hatelloa ka ho khethehaLiindasteri Kopos. Ho khetha se nepahetsengsehlahisoae bohlokoa ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng le katleho ea litšenyehelo. SenotloloKopos bakeng samashala talli-sorivatives, haholo-holoPitch ea Coal-Tar, kenyelletsa ea eonaSebelisajoalo ka mokhoa oa hoetsatsaCarbonLinoko tsa aluminim a nkha ho li-elektrone tsa motlakase bakeng sa light graysters tse matla tsa motlakase. E phahameng haholoCarbonlitaba le boleng bo botle ba ho robala ha bo bohlokoa mona. E 'ngoe e kholoSebelisae maemong a marulelong, moo thepa ea eona e sa keneleng metsi e bohlokoa haholo.Mashala talMonaments le likarohano li boetse li sebelisetsoa ho sireletsa lipeipi le meaho ea metsing ho tloha ho e-na le khanyetso ea tsona e phahameng hoMetsimmelik'hemik'hales.

Ha o khetha amashala tal sehlahisoa, ho na le lintlha tse 'maloa tse bapalang. Ntlha e sa hlokahaleng ke paramente e thata bakeng sa likoti, ho khetholla mocheso oo ho oonaLintho tse bonahalangLiphetoho tse tsoang ho brittletiileho ea ka polasetiki e eketsehileng.ViscosityKa mocheso oa kopo hape e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho sebetsana le ho e lokisa. Mohlala, aMocheso o phahameng oa asphalt(hangata e bua ka sekhahla se phahameng sa ho nolofatsaTlolo ea lesapo la mokokotlo oa acSphalte kanna ea ba tse loketseng bakeng sa tse ling tsa ho tlama kapa ho kopanya. Litaba tsa likarolo tse khethehileng tse kang quinoline li ntšoare (qi), Toluene e rekoloha (Ti)

Ntle le moo, bakeng sa lits'ebeliso tse kangMmila kahokapa ho lokisa, ikhethangmashala tal-Ba li-alants kapaAsphalt e fetotsoenglihlahisoa (tse ka bang ka linako tse ling li ka ba tengmashala talHo ipapisitse le kapa ho kopantsoe) ho ka khethoa bakeng sa ho tšoarella ha bona le ho hanyetsa ho li-spillage tsa mafura. Joaloka mong'a ntlo, 'na, Allen, o lula a eletsa bareki joaloka matšoao Thompson ho hlalosa ka ho hlaka pheletso ea bona-Sebelisale litlhoko tsa ts'ebetso. Sena se re lumella ho khothaletsa tse loketseng haholomashala tal sehlahisoa, ekaba ke sehlopha se tsitsitseng kapa ke mofuta oa moetlo. Ho utloisisa maqephe a data a mahlale le ho netefatsasehlahisoaho lokisa maemo a loketseng a indasteri ke eona. Hangata re sebetsa le bareki ho netefatsamashala tal sehlahisoaBa khetha libakeng tsa rona, e be bokhehe, li-block, kapa mokelikeli, o lula o ts'oara ka botlaloTlhahisolits'ebetso le litebello tsa boleng. E mabapi le thepa e ikhethang eamashala talho litlhoko tse nepahetseng tsaKopo.

10. Ho fumana morekisi ea tšepahalang Chaena: Bareki ba lokela ho etsa eng joaloka Mareka Thompson pele?

Bakeng sa bareki ba machabeng ba kang Mareka Thompson oa Thompson oa tsoa USA, Moputsomashala talLihlahisoa leCoke ea peteroleumHo tsoa linaheng tse tsoelang pele joaloka China li ka fana ka litheko tsa tlholisano. Leha ho le joalo, e tla le mathata a teng a teng. Ka hona, pele, ho etsa joalo ha ho khetha thepa ho molemo ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso e boreleli ebile e atlehileng ea ho etsa tlhoro ea khalemelo. Matšoao a bohlokoa a Mareka - tlhahlobo ea boleng, litifikeiti, thepa ea boleng, thepa - li lokela ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho sona. Lintlha tsa hae tse bohloko, tse kang puisano e sa sebetseng le li lieha ho khutla, li totobatsa ho feta ho hloka tlhokahalo ea molekane ea tšepahalang.

Pele ho tsohle,netefaletso ea bolenge boima. Ho Tšepahalafeme ea mashalaba lokela ho ba le mekhoa ea ho laola mekhoa ea boleng bo holimo sebakeng, ho tloha rideLintho tse bonahalang (mashala) ho ba ho qetelasehlahisoaDispatch. Sena se kenyelletsa tlhahlobo e tloaelehileng bakeng sa litekanyetso tsa bohlokoa (ntlha e sothehang,Viscosity, litaba tsa molora, QI, Ti, Ti, joalo-joalo.) le ho khomarela litekanyetso tsa machabeng. Bareki ba lokela ho batla barekisi ba eketsehileng ka mekhoa ea bona ea tlhahlobo le ho ikemisetsa ho fana ka li-setifikeiti tsa tlhahlobo ea (maas) ho tloha masalla a tsebahalang, a ikemetseng haeba a kopuoa. Joalo ka fektheri e nang le 7TlhahisoMehato, re ho Zgleteng e utloisisa bohlokoa ba ho tsitsipana, 'me re netefatsa ronamashala talmmePitch ea Coal-TarLihlahisoa li kopana le litlhaloso tse thata. Likopi tse nepahetseng, tse kang ISO 9001 bakeng sa taolo ea boleng le Istori 14001 bakeng saTikolohoTsamaiso, ke lipontšo tse ntle boitlamo ba moetsi oa thepa. Phihlelo ea Mareka le bosholu ba setifikeiti li hatisa tlhoko ea ho netefatsa litokomane tse joalo.

Lipolelo le puisano ke libaka tse ling tse bakang mathata. Bao ba nang le boiphihlelo ba tsoang ho USA, ba romellana khafetsa ho USA, Amerika, le Australia, ba utloisisang ka mokhoa o rarahaneng oa ho tsamaisa thepa, 'me ba pakela ho pepa ka nako. Hlakileng, ka potlako le ka potlako le puisano e sebetsang, haholo-holo ka baemeli ba thekiso ba nang le kutloisiso e ntle easehlahisoale litlhoko tsa moreki (leha li se na botekgeniki haholo), li ka thibela ho se utloisisane le ho lieha. Ho bua le uena ea ho lema ntlha ea Mareka mabapi le puisano e sa sebetseng ke senotlolo; Morekisi ea lokelang ho ba le ho arabela le ho araba. Mekhoa ea ho fetoha le tefo e feto-fetohang le e sireletsehileng e boetse e kenya letsoho kamanong e tšepahalang. Qetellong, bareki joalo ka Mareka ba lokela ho batlana le tšebelisano ea nako e telele le aSebapali sa boleng bo holimo sa mashala sa mashala le morekisiSeo ha se bontše litheko feela tsa tlholisano, empa hape le boitlamo bo sa fetoheng, ho ts'epahala, ka lebaka la ho fokotsa likotsi tse amanang lekgahlameloho fana ka likhathatso tsa Chain.

Key Picaways ea ho hopola:

• Tarke nako e akaretsang;mashala tale ka ho khethehamashalaKhomotso, e nang le monko o monatelik'hemik'hales.
• Pitch ea Coal-Tarke lengolo la polokelo e ntlafalitsoeng ho tlohamashala taldistillation, hangata atiilee nang le phahamengCarbonLikahare, tse sebelisoang joalo ka ho hlaba le bakeng sa ho kenella metsing.
• Asphalte sebelisoang hoMmilaho itlopanya hangataPetroleum Asphalt(Bitumen), masala a tsoang ho se kopanengOliHo Hlōla, Kamano e fapane lemashala tal.
• PetroleumkeMohlolitsaPetroleum Asphaltle matlo a mang a mangata leLiindasteri sehlahisoas.
• ThePhapangs in Comation (mashalavs.petroleum) Etella pele ho khethollalik'hemik'halelipina, thepa leKopos bakeng sa tsenae ntšo, ViscousLintho tse bonahalangs.
• Bakeng saLiindasterie sebelisa joalo ka aluminim e utloang, e itekanela le lipuisano tse ikhethang, thepa e ikhethang eamashala talmmePitch ea Coal-Tar(e.g., phahamengCarbon, lik'hemik'haleho hanyetsa) ho ananeloa haholo.
• Moeli oa boleng bo phahamengmashala talLihlahisoa leCoke ea peteroleumE hloka khetho ea motsamaisi e hlokolosi, ho tsepamisa maikutlong a boleng, ho na le thepa e tšepahalang le puisano e hlakileng ea ho qoba litaba tse kang tsa matšoao a thomkaneng.
• Ho utloisisa matsuane pakeng tsa tsenaLintho tse bonahalanga thusa ho etsa liqeto tse batsi tse fapanengkahommeLiindasteri Kopos, netefatsa ka neposehlahisoae sebelisoa bakeng sa sepheo se nepahetseng.