Asphalt vs phula vs hungun: Kuchepetsa kusiyana kwapakati, ma driveward, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale

Osokonezekatala, tala, ndipophula? Simuli nokha. Mawu awa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana, makamaka polankhula za misewu ndipomayendelo, koma amatanthauza zinthu zosiyanitsa ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, zinthu, ndi ntchito. Kumvetsetsakusiyana pakati pa phsemen, tala, ndipotalandikofunikira ngati mukulowa nawoKupanga Misewu, zida zopangira mafakitale monga ma aluminium osungunuka kapena kupanga chitsulo, kapena amangofuna zinthu zakuda zomwe zimapanga misewu yathu. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza bwino zinthuzo, pofotokoza zomwe aliyense ali, momwe amasiyana (asphalt vs phula), ndipo chifukwa chiyani kusankha zoyenera kuchitakulimba, ndi kugwira ntchito modula. Monga fakitale yokhala ndi zokumana nazo zopangaphula la malashaZogulitsa ndi mafuta a petroleum coke, tidzagawana zomwe tikuona kuti zikuthandizeni kupanga zisankho zanzeru.

Kodi phula laphatikizidwa ndi chiyani?

Tala, munthawi yaKupanga Misewundi kuweta, si chinthu chimodzi koma chinthu chophatikizika. Ganizirani ngati konkriti, omwe amagwiritsa ntchitosimentimongafayilowaophatikizika(ngati mchenga ndi miyala). Mofananamo,talaPanjira ndi makamaka osakanizaophatikizika(mwala wosweka, mchenga, kapena miyala, ndikupanga zochuluka za zinthuzo) ndi afayilo. Afayilondiye chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimagwiraophatikizikapamodzi, kupereka komanso kusinthasintha.

Zofala kwambirifayilontchito leroAsunge AsphaltPanjira ndiphula. Ichiphulaamasakanikirana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yaophatikizika- Kuchokerawokandapalamiyala mpakachabwino ophatikizidwangati mchenga - limodzi ndi afilimunkhani. Kuchulukana kumayendetsedwa mosamala kuti tikwaniritse mawonekedwe apadera. Osakaniza amatenthedwa (kutentha pakati pa 300 ndi 350Celsius Celsius), osakanikirana bwino, kenako adagona ndikuphatikizika mukadali otentha kuti apange aosalala, kokhazikika. Chifukwa chake, anthu akamalankhula za "msewu wa asphalt"kapena"Asphalt Stovay", nthawi zambiri amalozeratalakonkriti, wopangidwa ndendendekusakaniza kwa phulandiophatikizika.

ZatsopanotalaZosakaniza zimapangidwa kuti zizikhala zachindunjinthakazinthu ndi katundu wamagalimoto. Katundu waphula fayilondi mtundu / kunyamuka kwaophatikizikaKukakamiza kwambiri pokana panjirayo kuti asokoneze, kuwononga, ndi kuwonongeka kwa chinyezi. Kusiyanasiyana kwatalaamalola mainjiniya kuti apange malo oyenera chilichonse kuchokera kunyumbama drivewaws ndi malo oyimitsaMaere okwanira misewu yayikulu. Izi zidapangidwa mosamalaAsphalt ndi osakanizazomwe zimapereka zotsalira komansochosalowa madzi dothiTimadalira tsiku lililonse.

Phula lofotokozedwa: Kodi zimachokera kuti ndipo zimasiyana bwanji?

Mosiyanatala(yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito makamakaphulakuchokerapetulo)talandi chinthu chosiyana kwenikweni.Talanthawi zambirindi mankhwalazopezeka kuchokeraKutayika kowononga kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kutentha ngatimalasha kapena nkhuniPakusowa mpweya. Mawonekedwe odziwika kwambiri ogwirizana ndi mbiri yakale ndi mafakitale omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchitophula la malasha, zopangidwa nthawi yophikira komwemalashaamatenthetsedwa kuti apange coke (yogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mpweya wabwino) ndi mpweya wa malasha.

Phula la malashandi wandiweyani, wakuda,Madzi a Viscousokhala ndi ndende yayikuluma hydrocarbons. M'mbiri,phula la malashaidagwiritsidwa ntchito ngatifayiloKumanga msewu, kumabweretsa mawu oti "Tarmac"talandi mwala wosweka. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito pamapulogalamu kumatsika kwambiri kumalizidwa kwambiri padziko lapansi, makamaka chifukwa cha zovuta zaumoyo ndi chilengedwe zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zosintha zachilengedwe (vocs) zimatulutsa, makamaka pakutentha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito.

Pomwe amagwiritsa ntchitopamsewuNtchito zilipo tsopano.phula la malashandi magawo ake (mongaMalasha a bor phula) Khalani ndi zinthu zogwirizana ndi mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zofowongoletsera, chitolirochokutilama enmels, zimbudzi, utoto, komanso makamaka, monganthambiKwa ma carbon electrodes omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu aluminium yosungunuka komanso kusungunuka. Wapaderamankhwalawaphula la phula, kuchokeramalasha, pangani kuti ikhale gawo lofunikira komwe kuli kotentha kwambiri magwiridwe antchito ndi mabizinesi achindunji ofunikira. Kumvetsetsakusiyana pakati pa huba ndi phulaimayamba ndi chiyambi chawo:phulakuchokeramafuta opanda pake, talakuchokeramalasha kapena nkhunidistillation.

P bitpen Takuvumbulutsidwa: Kodi ndi dzina lina la phulusa?

Apa ndipamene chisokonezo chimagona. Pamenetalandiphulazikugwirizana, si chinthu chofanana, ngakhale mawuwo nthawi zambirintchito mosiyanasiyanaM'malo mwake.Phulandifayilochipangizomkati talamsewu. Ndizomata zakuda, kwambirimaonekedwesemi-yolimba kapena madzizochokera ku petroleum. Makamaka,phulandizolemera kwambirikukulazopezeka kuchokera ku fractionkupachililowamafuta opanda pake- Ndi otsalira kumanzere pambuyo pa tizigawo opepuka ngati mafuta, dizilo, ndi mafuta opaka mafuta achotsedwa. Zotsalira izi nthawi zambiri zimatchulidwa kutiVuvumu pansimunjira yoyeretsa.

Phula loyerakwenikweni ndichilengedweomatila. Udindo wake waukulu mkatitalaPanjira ndikumangaophatikizikatinthu tating'onoting'ono (mchenga, miyala yosweka, mwala wosweka) palimodzi, ndikupanga zopindika komanso kholamsewukapangidwe. Imaperekanso zinthu zosadzimadzi, kuteteza zigawo za msewu wochokera ku Begress yamadzi.Phulapalokha ndi yofewa komanso yopanda kutentha kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ngatipamsewupa zake zokha; Imafunikira kuthandizidwa ndiophatikizika. GaniziraniphulaMonga guluu, ndipotalaMonga mawonekedwe ophatikizika (ophatikizidwa ndi phulakuphatikiza).

Chifukwa chake, pomwephulandi kiyichopangilamutalapanjira,talaamatanthauzaZinthu zonse zophatikizikantchito popukutira. M'madera ena padziko lapansi (monga Europe) ndiye mawu wamba "omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito potanthauza binder, pomwe ku North America," asphalde simenti "kapena"tala"nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito mobisa, ndi"talakonkriti "kwa osakaniza komaliza. Mosasamala kanthu za mawuwo,Phula ndi lomata, maonekedwe fayilokuchokeramafuta opanda pake, yosiyana nditalazomwe zimachokeramalasha.

Asphalt vs phula vs hungun: Kodi pali kusiyana kwakukulu kotani ndi katundu?

Tiyeni tifotokozere bwinoKusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa asphalt, phula, ndipotala. Kuzindikira Kusiyanitsa Umeneli Ndikofunikira Posankha Zinthu Zoyenera Zokhudza Ntchito Zapadera, Kaya Kuli Kutentha Amsewukapena gwiritsani ntchito mu mafakitale.

Chikhazikitsokusiyana pakati pa huba ndi phulamabodza awo:phulaamachokerapetulo, pomwetalaimayambiransomalasha(kapena nthawi zina nkhuni). Izi zimabweretsa kusiyana kwakukulu mumankhwalakomanso moyenera pamapulogalamu osiyanasiyana.Tala, ndiye, ndiye mankhwalawaogwilizitsa phulamongaMtumikiwaophatikizikakupanga cholimbamsewu dothi. PhulaNthawi zambiri amaperekazabwino zomatira bwinondi otsikaKutenthakuyerekeza ndi zachikhalidwetala, ndikupangitsa kuti chisankho chamakonoKupanga Misewu.

Kodi phula limagwiritsidwabe ntchito panjira yopukutira ndi ma drivent?

Pamenetala(makamakaphula la malasha) anali wamba kuti atuluke m'mbuyomu, akutsogolera ku mawu oti "Tarmac, "kugwiritsa ntchito kumayikoKupanga Misewundi panjamayendeloadachepa kwambiri m'maiko ambiri. Zifukwa zoyambirira ndi zokhudzana ndi thanzi komanso zachilengedwe zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mankhwala osasunthika omwe amapezekaphula la malasha. Mukamatenthedwa kuti agwiritse ntchito,talaAmatulutsa utsi wokhala ndi zinthu zovulaza, kuphatikizapo ma carcinogens. Pakachekeni,tala-Kodi zosindikizidwa zogwiritsidwa ntchitoma drivewaws ndi malo oyimitsaMaere amatha kuvala ndi kuipitsa nthaka yapafupi ndi misewu yamadzi.

Zotsatira zake,phula-Koditalawasintha kwambiritalapofuna kusintha.TalaZosakanizaphulaNthawi zambiri zimawerengedwa kukhala zotetezeka kuthana ndi kutulutsa zovulaza zochepa panthawi yogwiritsa ntchito. Amakonda kupereka zinthu zabwino, kuphatikizapo kusinthasintha kwakukulu kudutsanyengo yosiyanasiyana, anasinthakulimba, ndipo kukana kwabwinoko kuvula (komwefayiloamalekanitsidwa ndiophatikizika). Pomwe ntchito zina niche kapena zigawo zina zitha kugwiritsa ntchitotala-Kodi malonda, makamaka pokambirana, sikulinso muyeso watsopanomsewuNtchito yomanga.

Zofunsira zomwe zimafunikira zomwe zimachitikaphula la malasha, monga kukana kutentha kwambiri kapena nyumba zina zamkaka, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kumapitilirabe kukhazikitsidwa kwa mafakitale. Izi zikuphatikiza kupangaPhula lapadera la mafuta owonjezera, zida zodetsa, komanso zapadera,phula la phulamongafayiloKwa ma carbon electrodes mu aluminium ndi mafakitale achitsulo. Komabe, kwa ntchito zambiri zopukutira (msewu, kuthamangitsa, magalimoto oyimitsa)phula-Koditalandi zinthu zomwe mumakonda komanso zotchuka.

Kodi mankhwala a phula ndi phula amagwiritsa ntchito bwanji?

Yosiyanasiyanamankhwalawaphulanditalaali ndi udindo pazinthu zina ndi ntchito zawo.Phula, kukhala wotsalira kuchokeramafuta opanda pake kupachililo, amakhala ndi mamolekyu akulu akulu a hydrocarbon, kuphatikiza asphalterenes, amalima, ndi mafuta. Izi zimaperekaphulaKhalidwe Lakemaonekedwe, omatila, ndipochosalowa madzikatundu, ndikupanga kukhala chabwinofayilowaophatikizikamutalamapiritsi. Zachosangalatsakupita ku mchereophatikizikandi wamphamvu, ndipo zinthu zake zitha kusinthidwa (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito ma polima) kuti apititse patsogolo magwiridwe antchitonthakaS kapena Magalimoto Olemera Kwambiri. Komabe,phulaitha kukhala yosavuta kwa oxidation ndi ukalamba pakapita nthawi, kukhalachosalimba.

Phula la malasha, chifukwa chaKutayika kowononga kwa malasha, ali wolemerama hydrocarbons, kuphatikizapo polycyclic avomatic hydrocarbons (Pahs). Izi zimaperekatalakukana kwamphamvu mpaka madzi ndi mankhwala, ndiye chifukwa chake zimakhala yamtengo wapatalichokutilandi zolemba zosindikizidwa. Komabe,talaNthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zapamwambaKutenthakuposaphula, kutanthauza kusintha kwake kosasinthika modabwitsa kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa kutentha - kumatha kutentha kwambiri komansochosalimbakuzizira. Kuphatikiza apo, kukhalapo kwa Pahs kumadzetsa mavuto azaumoyo komanso kuwononga zachilengedwe, kumachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito, makamaka pamapulogalamu okhudzana ndi kulumikizana mwachindunji kapena kukweza komwe kungalepheretse.

Izimankhwalaauze ntchito zawo zazikulu.Phula'chabwinozomatira, okhazikika, komanso zoopsa zazaumoyo zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino kwa magwiridwe antchito ofunikiraKupanga Misewu. TalaMankhwala enaake a mankhwala ndi kapangidwe ka kaboni (pankhani ya phula) imapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunikira kwa niche mafakitale monga kutentha kwambirinthambi(mwachitsanzo,Kutentha kwapakatikati pa AsphaltKuchokera ku phula la phula) kwa electrodes, zokutira zapadera, ndi mapangidwe ena osindikizira. Akusiyana pakati pa huba ndi phulaMu kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndiye chifukwa chokhazikika chomwe sakanatha kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri.

Kodi mitundu yodziwika ya phula yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga ndi iti?

TalaSikuti kukula-kokwanira-zonse. OsiyanaMitundu ya phulaZosakaniza zimapangidwa pazifukwa zosiyanasiyanaKupanga Misewundi kukonza. Kusiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri kumakhudza mtundu ndi kalasi yaphulantchito, kukula ndi mtundu waophatikizika, kuchuluka kwa chigawo chilichonse, ndipo kuwonjezera kwa osintha. Kumvetsetsa mitundu iyi kumathandizira kusankha zoyenera kwambiri komansozachumayankho la polojekiti.

Nazi zinaMitundu ya phula:

1. Asphalt Asphalt (HMA):Ili ndiye mtundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha msewu waukulu,Misewu, ndipomayendelo. Ophatikizikandiphulaamatenthedwa (nthawi zambiri pakati300 ndi 350 degrees Celsius) ndikusakanikirana nditalaChonza musanalowe pamalopo, mutagona, ndikuphatikizika pomwe otentha. Zimapereka mphamvu,cholimba, ndipoosalala dothi. Kusintha kumapezeka mkati mwa HMA, monga mitundu yopumira yolimba (yabwino kwambiri yozungulira), matrix miyalatala.
2. Asphalt Asphalt (WMA):Zofanana ndi HMA, koma zopangidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kochepa (nthawi zambiri 20-30 ° C). Izi zimakwaniritsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera kapena njira zomwe zimachepetsakukwezazaphula fayilo. WMA amapereka phindu la chilengedwe (zotumphukira zotsika, mafuta ocheperako) ndikulola kuti nthawi yayitali ikhale kutali ndi nyengo yozizira.
3. ASFELLUNTE:Mtunduwu umagwiritsa ntchito aphula emulikikapena kusendaphulaIzi sizikufuna kutentha kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri poyika ma potchera, kukonza kwakanthawi, kapena kuthira misewu yotsika kapenamayendelo. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepacholimbakuposa Hma koma zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, makamaka pantchito zazing'ono kapena kumadera akutali.
4. Asphalt asphalt:Osakaniza kwambiri, osakaniza ndi mmwambaphulazomwe zili. Nthawi zambiri amathiridwa m'malo mogawika ndi kukupatsani zabwinochosalowa madziing ndikulimba. Ogwiritsidwa ntchito kuthyolako, padenga, pansi, komanso wapaderapamsewuntchito.
5. Asphalt asphalt:Izi zimaphatikizapo kuwonjezera ma polima kapena osinthira ena kuphula fayiloKupititsa patsogolo zomwe zinthu zili ngati zotanuka, kukana chiwerewere kapena kuwonongeka, ndikugwirira ntchito gawo lonse lamatenthedwe. Zogulitsa ngatiAsphalt osinthidwakapenaPhula kutentha kwambirikugwera m'gululi, chogwirizana ndi zovuta.

Kusankha mtundu woyenera kumadalira zinthu ngati kuchuluka kwa pamsewu,nthaka, Budget, yemwe amafunikira moyo, komanso zofunikira zamsewu.

Kodi nchifukwa ninji kuwongolera kwapadera kuli kofunikira poyambira phula ndi zopanga phula?

Kwa ogulitsa ngati Mark Thompson, zomwe zimapangitsa zinthu ngatitalamagombe (phula) kapena mafakitaletalaZogulitsa (Mongaphula la phula) Kuphatikizira zambiri kuposa kungopeza mtengo wotsika kwambiri. Kuwongolera kwapadera ndikofunikira chifukwa magwiridwe ake ndi kukhala omaliza omaliza - kaya ndipamsewu, mawonekedwe a aluminiyamu, kapena chotetezachokutila- zimatengera zowongolera za binder. Zipangizo zosagwirizana kapena zowonongeka kapena zochokera kumatha kulephera msanga, kukonza mtengo, kupanga nthawi yotsikira, komanso ngakhale ngozi.

Kuonetsetsa kuti ndibwino kusasinthika ndi ntchito yopanga yopanga. Ogulitsa odalirika, monga fakitale yathu ku China ndi mizere 7 yopanga, kukhazikitsa ma cheke okhwima m'njira zosiyanasiyana - chifukwa choyesa zida zolowera (mafuta opanda pakezigawo zaphula, khrisituphula la malashaKwa phula) kuwunikira magawo (kupachililoKutentha, kusakaniza ratios) ndikuyesa zomaliza. Magawo ofunikira aphulaPhatikizanire kalasi ya kulowa (kuvuta), malo ofewetsa (kukana kwa kutentha), mamasukidwe, ndi maudindo. Waphula la phula, Zofunikira zazikulu ndizofewetsa, mtengo wophatikizika, quinoline influbles (qi), ndi toluene inclubles (ti), zomwe zimakhudza momwe akugwirira ntchitofayiloma elekitoni.

Ogula akufunika kutsimikizira kuti zinthu zomwe amalandira zimakwaniritsa zofunikanthawi iliyonse. Izi zimaphatikizapo kupempha mapepala oganiza mwatsatanetsatane, kumvetsetsa makina ogwiritsira ntchito a Woyang'anira (E.g. Zofunsira motsutsa, ogula amathanso kuyezetsa pawokha pa zitsanzo musanavomere. Kuyika ndalama pamtunda wowongolera kumalepheretsa ndalama zambiri komanso mutu womwe umalumikizidwa ndi kulephera kwa zinthu. Khama ili ndizofunikira pochita ndi zida ngatitalanditala, pomwe kusiyanasiyana kochepa kumatha kukhudza magwiridwe antchito.

Zochitika ndi zomwe zikuchitika: Zomwe ogula ngati Marko Thompson ayenera kudziwa

Kupitilira muyeso, ogula apadziko lonse lapansi ngati Mark Thompson, akumenyatalanditalaZogulitsa kuchokera ku mayiko ngati China kapena Vietnam, kumakumana ndi zovuta zokhudzana ndi kutsimikizika ndi zinthu. Kuonetsetsa kuti kutumiza kosalala ndikupewa kuchedwa kumafuna chidwi pazinthu izi. Othandizira amafunika kupereka zolemba zolondola komanso zotsimikizika kuti mukwaniritse malamulo ophatikizira ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira za wogula.

Zivomerezi:Zovuta zazikuluzikulu nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo:

• Kuwongolera kwapamwamba:Chitsimikizo cha ISO 9001 chimapereka chitsimikiziro cha dongosolo labwino la madandaulo.
• Kutsatira zachilengedwe:Kutengera ndi zogulitsa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake, kuvomerezedwa ndi miyezo yachilengedwe (E.g., ISo 14001) kapena Malamulo Osiyanasiyana (Monga kufika ku Europe) kungakhale kofunikira. Ogula ayenera kusamala ndi zachinyengo, zowawa zodziwika bwino, ndipo ziyenera kutsimikizira zolondera pawokha ngati zingatheke.
• Zithunzi Zogulitsa:Satifiketi ya kusanthula (coa) pa batch iliyonse, kutsimikizira kutitala, phula, kapenatalaZogulitsa zimakumana ndi zomwe adagwirizana, ndizofunikira.

ZOTHANDIZA:Zitsanzo zoyenera ndizofunikira kupewa kuchedwa, komwe kungasokoneze magawo opangira. Maganizo akuphatikizapo:

• Kuyika:Zogulitsa ngatiphula la phulakapena olimbaphulaZitha kutumizidwa m'matumba, ng'oma, kapena midadada yolimba. Kufewaphulapamafunika matumba apadera kapena zotengera. Kusunga koyenera kumalepheretsa kuipitsidwa ndikuwonetsetsa kuti azigwira bwino ntchito.
• Malamulo Otumizira (Incrotorms):Mwachidule maudindo ofotokoza za kutumiza, inshuwaransi, ndi chilolezo cha miyambo (E.G., FIF, CIF) ndizofunikira.
• Kutumiza mizere & nthawi yoyenda:Kugwira ntchito ndi mizere yodalirika yotumizira komanso kumvetsetsa nthawi zomwe sizikuthandizani pakukonzekera.
• Malipiro akasitomu:Onetsetsani zolemba zonse zofunika (zotsatsira zamalonda, mndandanda wazolozera, sufictiations) ndizolondola ndipo zimaperekedwa mwachangu ndikuthandizira kuyeseza chilolezo cholowera kudziko lomwe likupita.
• Kulankhulana:Kulumikizana ndi Wopatsira Otsatsa za Udindo Wotumiza, kuchedwa, komanso zolemba ndizofunikira kwambiri. Kuyankhulana mokwanira ndi kukhumudwitsidwa kwakukulu kwa ogula.

Kutchula mfundozi - kukambirana zofunikira, kutsimikizira zothandizira momveka bwino, ndikukhazikitsa njira zolumikizirana momveka bwino - mutha kuchepetsa zoopsa zokhudzana ndi dziko lapadziko lonse lapansiphula ndi phulaZogulitsa.

Kusankha Otsatsa Anu: Zinthu Zomwe Zimakhala Zosakhala Zopanda Pasphalt ndi Phulu

Ngakhale mitengo yampikisano nthawi zonse imakhala chinthu, ogwiritsa ntchito opeza akumvetsetsa kuti akusankha othandizira kuti athetala, phula, kapenaphula la malashaZinthu zimaphatikizapo kuwunika kwambiri kuposa mtengo uliwonse. Kukhulupirika Kukhazikitsa mayiko otukuka ngati China kungapereke maulendo owononga, koma pamafunika kusamala mosamala.

Zizindikiro zofunikira kuziganizira posankha wothandizira:

1. Zotsimikizika Zabwino:Yang'anani mafakito okhazikitsidwa ndi zaka zambiri zopanga zinthu zomwe mukufuna (E.g.,Kutentha kwapakatikati, phula kutentha kwambiri, phula la phula). Zochitika nthawi zambiri zimamasulira njira yabwinoko ndi kuthetseratu zovuta. ZathuFakitale yapamwamba kwambiri ya malawiKuzindikira kumayankhula ndi izi.
2. Kupanga mphamvu ndi kuthekera:Onetsetsani kuti wothandizirayo ali ndi mphamvu zokwanira (monga mizere yathu 7) kuti mukwaniritse zofunikira zanu mosasinthasintha ndipo zimatha kupangira masukulu kapena zinthu zomwe mukufuna.
3. Makina Othandizira Mavuto:Tsimikizirani njira zawo zapamwamba komanso kuvomerezedwa (ISO 9001). Kodi ali ofunitsitsa kupereka zotsatira za mayeso a batch ndikukhala ndi mayesero a chipani chachitatu?
4. Ukadaulo Waukadaulo:Ngakhale wogulayo si akatswiri aukadaulo, wotsatsa ayenera kukhala ndi antchito odziwa omwe angamakambirana, kugwiritsa ntchito, komanso nkhani zomwe zingachitike. Pomwe Marko Thompson amadziwa kugulitsa, kukhala ndi wolumikiza yemwesichonchoMvetsetsani mbali yaukadaulo ndiyofunika.
5. Kulankhulana & Kuthandiza:Werengani mawonekedwe awo oyankhulirana. Kodi akungokulira, momveka bwino, komanso wogwira ntchito? Kuyankhulana moyenera ndikofunikira kuti muthe kugwiritsa ntchito zovuta komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu mosavuta, kutchulapo kanthu.
6. Malangizo & Zolemba:Yesani zomwe adakumana nazo ndi kutumiza kudziko lanu (USA, Europe, ndi zina). Kodi angathe kusamalira madama omwe amafunikira, makonzedwe otumiza, ndikupereka zolemba zolondola molondola?
7. Kudalirika & Kudalirika:Yang'anani kuwonekera ndi kufunitsitsa kumanga ubale wa nthawi yayitali. Maumboni kapena maulendo ogulitsa (ngati otheka) angathandize kukulitsa chidaliro. Kupita KuntchitoziwonetseroNdi njira yabwino yokwaniritsira othandizira kumaso ndi kusokoneza ukatswiri wawo.

Kuyang'ana kwambiri pamtengo wotsika kwambiri kumatha kubweretsa ndalama zobisika zokhudzana ndi mtundu wosawoneka bwino, kuchedwa kutumiza, kapena kuphatikizidwa. Wogulitsa wodalirika ndi mnzake wopambana.

Njira Yotsogola

Tsogolo laKupanga MisewunditalaMakampani akungoyang'ana kwambiri komanso udindo. PamenetalaMayendedwe amadziwika kale chifukwa cha iwokulimbandipozachumaMtengo wa Moyo, kuyesayesa kumachitika kuti akapangenso kulosera.Kubwezeretsansoamachita nawo gawo lalikulu pamenepa.

Plockment Plockmentndi imodzi mwazinthu zobwezeretsedwanso padziko lapansi. Kubwezeredwanso kwa PRFELD (rap) kumatha kuchotsedwa m'misewu yakale, yophwanyika, ndikuphatikizidwa ndi kusakaniza kotenthatala. Kugwiritsa ntchito rap kumachepetsa kufunika kwa namwaliphulandiophatikizika, kusunga zinthu zachilengedwe ndikuchepetsa kumwa mphamvu pakupanga. Kuchuluka kwa rap kumatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kunyalanyaza magwiridwe antchito, kupangatalaChisankho chokhazikika kwambirimisewu. Njira monga kusakaniza kotenthaTala(WMA) amathandizanso pakuchepetsa kutentha kwa mapangidwe, pochepetsa mphamvu yamafuta ndi mpweya.

Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku akupitilizabe kukulitsa ma bio-Bunger (ochokera ku mafuta opangidwa ndi mbewu kapena zinthu zotayira) monga mphodza kapenanso zodzitchinjiriza kwa petroleum-kutengeraphula. Zojambula panjira yopanga pansi panjira yopanga misewu yayitali yokhazikika ("misewu yokhazikika") yomwe imangofuna kukonzanso kwa nthawi yokonzanso m'malo momanganso kwa chilengedwe komanso kuchepetsa mphamvu za chilengedwe ndi ndalama. Makampaniwa akuwunika njira zokutiratalaKugwiritsa ntchito zowongolera zapamwamba komanso zowonjezera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale bwino kwambiri kuthana ndi magalimoto ambiri komanso mopitiriranthakaZochitika, kuwonjezera moyo wawo wautumiki ndikuthandizira kudalirika kwambiri. Pomwe zida zachikhalidwe mongaphulaKhalani otchukatalamalo.

Makina Othandizira: Asphalt vs phula vs phula

Kuwongolera mwachidule mfundo zazikuluzikulu:

• Bitumen:Wakuda,maonekedwe, omatila fayilokuchokera kukupachililowamafuta opanda pake (petulo). Ndi "guluu" mkatitalamsewu.
• Phula (phula la malasha):Wakuda,Madzi a Viscouszopangidwa ndiKutayika kowononga kwa malasha. Kusiyanasiyana kosiyana ndiphula, okhala ndi zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri komanso nkhawa zaumoyo zomwe zimalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito. Ndizofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale ena (E.g., ma electrode sodiphula la phula).
• Phula (panjira):Zinthu zophatikizika zomwe zimasakanikiranaphula(afayilo)ophatikizika(miyala, mchenga, miyala). Izi zosakaniza zimapanga zolimbadothiMisewu,mayendelo, etc.
• Kusiyana kwakukulu:Chiyambi (petulovsmalasha), kapangidwe ka mankhwala (Aliphatic vs. Opeka), ntchito zoyambirira, komanso maperekedwe azaumoyo.
• Kupaka lero: Phula-KoditalaKodi muyezo wamakonoKupanga MisewuChifukwa cha magwiridwe antchito abwino ndi zoopsa zazaumoyo poyerekeza nditala. Talasamagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa misewu yatsopano.
• Zoyenera:Khalidwe Lokhazikika, Zitsimikiziro Zodalirika, Ndi Zofunikira Zothandiza ndizofunikira pakapitatalamangani kapenatalazinthu padziko lonse lapansi. Kusankha wowongolera woyenera kumafuna kuyang'ana kwa mtengo chabe.
• Kukhazikika:AtalaMakampani amayang'ana kwambirikubwezeretsanso(Rap) ndikupanga matekinolojeni obiriwira ngati WMA ndi Bio-Banders.

Kumvetsetsa zosiyanitsa izi kumathandiza posankha zinthu zoyenera ndi ogulitsa pamakonzedwe osiyanasiyana omanga ndi mafakitale.