Nkag siab cov pob zeb thee: cov lus qhia dav dav rau cov tshuaj muaj ntau yam no

Cour tar suab, wbiquitous tseem tsis tau kev to taub cov ntaub ntawv, yog lub pob zeb tsis muaj kev lag luam. Cov xim dub no, cov tshuaj pleev xim, ib qho los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov thee, ua yeeb yam tseem ceeb hauv txhua yam los ntawm txhuas smelting thiab steel raug tsim cov khoom lag luam qib siab. Yog tias koj koom nrog kev ua tiav rau kev lag luam zoo li txhuas, hlau, lossis graphine electrode ntau lawm electrode ntau yam, nkag siab txog nuances ntawmCour tar pitch- Nws cov khoom, kev siv, sourcing, thiab tuav tes - yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txiav txim siab. Kab lus no ua ke mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ntawmCour tar pitch, tshawb nrhiav nws cov lus los ntawm cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsis pomyam muaj hauj lwmtivthaiv, piav qhia yog vim li cas thiaj xaiv txoj caitus xa khoomCov teeb meem, thiab hais txog cov kev txiav txim siab tseem ceeb zoo li kev ua tau zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb. Ua cov chaw tsim khoom nrog cov kev paub ntau (kuv lub npe hauv Suav teb ua haujlwm zoo li MarkTson hauv Asmeskas thiab lwm tus nrhiav kev txhim khu kev qha, muaj txiaj ntsig zoosuabCov khoom lag luam.

1. Yuav ua li cas raws nraim yog thee sar pitch? Ib qho kev saib hauv lub hauv paus

Cour tar pitchyog qhov tseem ceebnyobsab laug tom qab lubdistillationntawm cov tawv ntoo. Coal tar nws tus kheej yog cov tuab, cov kua dub tau ua aLos ntawm cov khoom lag luamThaum cov thee yog rhaub kom muaj zog nyob rau hauv qhov tsis muaj cua, ib tus txheej txheem hu ua kev ua pa roj carbonancation, feem ntau thaum lub sijhawmtsimntawmcoekRau cov hlaukev ua hauj lwmCov. Xav txog nws zoo li no: thee tar muaj cov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov muaj nqistshuajtebchaw. Thaum peb ua tib zoo ua kom sov thiab cais cov khoom sib xyaw no (nyiamnaphthalene, phenol, thiabyam tseem ceebroj), cov hnyav, ntom cov khoom seem uas seem ntawm qhov kawg yogCour tar pitch.

Qhov txiaj ntsig nosuabyog ib nrab khoom rau cov khoom dubkhoomnyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, los ua tuab,lojkua thaum rhuab. Nws lub cev lub cev nyob ntawm hnyav rau ntawm qhov ntsuas kub thiab qhov tshwj xeebteem nqintawm lubsuabCov. Nws yog feem ntau tsim ntawm cov kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm polycyclic muaj ntxhiab tsw qab hydrocarbons (PAHS), nrog rau cov neeg muaj kab ke thiab cov phenols me me. Tus kiagmuaj pes tsawgtuaj yeem sib txawv raws li cov qhov hluav taws xob thee thiab cov txheej txheem distillation siv, uas yog vim li cas zoo ib txwm tswj tau los ntawm lubtus xa khoomyog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Cov ntaub ntawv no, feem ntau xa mus rau tsuas yogsuab, cov ntawv tus caj qaum rau ntau qhov tseem ceebyam muaj hauj lwmcov txheej txheem.

Nkag siab qhov kev txhais lus txhais tau yog thawj kauj ruam.Suabtsis yog ib qho kev cuam tshuam yooj yim; Nws yog qhov ua tib zoo kho cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb ua kom haum rau cov ntawv thov. Nws yogtsim los ntawm cov theeUa thiab yog cov khoom tseem ceeb, tsis nkim. Nws qhov tshwj xeeb khi thiab carbon-nplua nuj xwm ua rau nws tsis tseem ceeb.

2. Yuav ua li cas yog high-zoo nqus tar pitch tsim? Txoj kev distillation

Cov lus los ntawm RAW tws TAR rau cov khoom zooCour tar pitchkoom nrog cov txheej txheem meticulous hu ua fractional distillation. Cov txheej txheem no ua tib zoo cais ntau yam ntawm cov crude thee thee raws li lawv cov ntsiab lus npau npau. Thaum pib, cov pob zeb crude thee yog rhuab nyob rau hauv loj. Raws li qhov kub nce, cov roj sib zog zoo li cov roj teeb, roj carbolic (muajphenol),naphthaleneRoj, thiab ntxuav cov roj vaporize thiab tau sau rau ntawm qhov kub kub sib txawv.

Dab tsi nyob tom qab cov lumble sib zog no tau raug tshem tawm yog lubsuabCov. Qhov kev ua ntawmdistillationtxiav txim siab cov khoom ntawm zaum kawgsuab, tshwj xeeb yog nwsSoftening point- qhov kub thiab txias uas nws pib deform hauv kev ntsuas tshwj xeeb hauv kev ntsuas. Los ntawm kev tswj hwm qhov kawg thiab ntev ntawm distillation, cov tuam ntxhab nyiam peb tuaj yeem tsim cov qib sib txawvCour tar pitchtxiav rau cov kev lag luam tshwj xeeb xav tau, xws li los ntawm cov menyuam yaus softer nrog cov ntsiab lus me me rau cov qib nyuab nrog cov qhab nia nyuajQhov Kub SiabKuj.

Cov tswj hwm zoo thaum lub sijhawm notsimcov txheej txheem yog qhov tseem ceeb. Yeejtso kev sov, kho qhov kub thiab txias tswj, thiab ceev faj sib cais ntawm cov leb feem ntau qhov tseem ceeb kom ntseeg tau tias qhov tshwm simCour tar pitchua tau raws li cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom zoo liSoftening point, Coking tus nqi, Quinoline insoligles (qi), tolreene insoligles (ti), thiabtxhoscov ntsiab lus. Qhov no ua kom muajsuabua yeeb yam ntseeg tau li aphau ntawvlossis impregnant nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv thov kawg. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem yuav tsum muaj cov txuj ci tseem ceeb thiab cov khoom siv muaj zog kom yields ib puag ncigsuabkhoom.

3. Dab tsi ua rau cov pob zeb ua kom tawg yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam? Unppos Cov Khoom Tseem Ceeb

Tus nqi ntawmCour tar pitchstems los ntawm nws cov kev sib txawv ntawm lub cev thiabtshuajcov khoom. Firstly, nws muaj peev xwm zoo heev yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Thaum rhuab,suabsoftens thiab ntws, ua tau zoo ntub thiab txheej lwm cov ntaub ntawv xws liRoj av cokelossis anthracite. Raws li txias lossis ntxiv mustso kev sov(carbonization), nws tsim muaj zog, ntompa roj carbonMatrix, binding cov aggregates ua ke. Qhov no ua rau nws tsis txaus ntseegphau ntawvnyob rau hauvtsimntawmpa roj carbonanodes,Graphite electrodes, thiabkev refactoryCov ntaub ntawv.

Thib ob,Cour tar pitchmuaj lub siabpa roj carboncov ntsiab lus thiab cov coking siab. Qhov no txhais tau tias thaum ua kom sov siab rau qhov tsis muaj cua, nws yauv muaj cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoompa roj carbon (Ncuav qab zib), pab txhawb rau cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom kawg, xws liGraphite electrodessiv hauv hluav taws xob arclub tshuab ziabCov. Nws cov qauv qub uas muaj zog kuj tseem ua rau muaj kev tsimnpaimThaum lub sijhawm ntsuas kub siab (graphitization).

Lwm cov khoom tseem ceeb suav nrog nws cov thermoplastic xwm (softening thaumtso kev sov, solidifying txog cua txias), kuj muaj tsawgtxhoscov ntsiab lus (impurities), zoo hluav taws xob conductivity nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv carbonized, thiab tiv taus dej thiab tshuaj lom neeg, ua rau nws haum rau kev tiv thaivdaim plhaubCov ntawv thov. Qhov tshwj xeebteem nqintawmsuabyuav dictate cov khoom zoo liSoftening point, viscosity, thiab Coking tus nqi, tso cai rau cov neeg siv los xaiv cov feem ntau haumHom suabrau lawv cov txheej txheem. Cov cwj pwm no tau ua rauCour tar pitchCov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm ntau cov lag luam hnyav.

4. Qhov kev lag luam twg cia siab rau cov pob zeb txhaws? Cov ntawv thov loj tshawb nrhiav

Cour tar pitchyog cov khoom siv ua haujlwm ua haujlwm, tsis tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam lag luam loj. Nws cov ntawv thov muaj ntau yam sib txawv, muaj kev dag nws cov khoom uas yog aphau ntawv, Ipregnant, thiab qhov chaw ntawmpa roj carbonCov. Nov yog qee qhov tseem ceeb nyob qhov twgSuab yog siv:

• Txhuas Kev Lag Luam:Qhov no yog cov neeg siv khoom loj tshaj plaws ntawmCour tar pitchCov. Nws pabcuam ua tus thawjphau ntawvrauRoj av cokethiab siv anyode tab sis tab sis tab sis tab sis hauvtsimntawm carbon anodes siv hauv kev ua haujlwm hauv chav tsev-HÉREULT rauAluminium smeltingCov. Qhov zoo tshaj ntawm lubsuabcuam ​​tshuam ncaj qha anode kev ua haujlwm thiabtooj dawbkev ua haujlwm tau zoo.
• Kev Lag Luam Hlau: Cour tar pitchyog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim covkev refactoryCib thiab monolithic ripvactories rau ob sab kub-kublub tshuab ziab, suav nrog cov nplaim tawg thiab hluav taws xob arclub tshuab ziabCov. Nws lub peev xwm los ua ib qho muaj zogpa roj carbonKev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov kub kub qhia tau zoo heev rau slag thiab hlau nkag mus. Nws tseem siv hauv cov taple lub clays.
• Graphitation electrode:Siab zooCour tar pitch (Sab Hauv Tsev Me) yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsimGraphite electrodes, uas siv hauv hluav taws xob arclub tshuab ziab(EAFs) rau steelmaking thiab lwm yammeTallurgicalcov txheej txheem. Nws ua raws li ob qho tib si aphau ntawvRaucoekhais thiab raws li tus neeg sawv cev impregnating kom nce ntom ntom thiab lub zog ntawm lub cikhoom siv hluav taws xobCov. Qhov kev thov rauGraphite electrodesHais ncaj qhasuabTau noj.
• Txheej ci thiab cov cab ntau:Vim nws cov khoom siv dej zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov khoom nplaum,suabyog siv hauv kev tiv thaivtxheejRau cov raj dej, tso tsheb hlau luam, thiab ua tub rog. Nws tseem yog ib qho kev tivthaiv hauv tsev vov tsev muaj kev sib tsoo thiab cov ntxig ntxig thiab cov huab cua tsis taus thiab huab cua tsis kam.Cour tar lub taub hau flakesfeem ntau muab rau cov ntawv thov no.
• Lwm cov khoom lag luam: Suabua hauj lwm ua ntej rau kev tshwj xeebpa roj carbonCov khoom lag luam zoo liCarbon Fiber, activated carbon (txawm hais tias tsawg dua tam sim no), thiab carbon-carbon composites. Nws tseem siv nyob rau hauvkhoom sivkev lag luam ua ib feem ntawm kev ntxuav cov tub ntxhais thiab pwmtxheej.

Cov versatility thiab kev ua tau zoo cov yam ntxwv ntawmCour tar pitchua nws ib qho tseem ceebyam muaj hauj lwmcov khoom siv nrog ntau cov kev siv.

5. Vim li cas suab lub suab nrov cov phau ntawv rau txhuas smelting anodes?

Hauv thawjtooj dawbKev lag luam, kev tsim cov kev ua kom muaj kev coj siab zootooj dawbKev cia siab rau cov elecuarysis ntawm alumina (Aluminium oxide) yaj nyob rau hauv molten cryolite. Tus txheej txheem no yuav tsum muaj lojpa roj carbonanodes, uas tau noj thaum lub sijhawm tiv thaiv.Cour tar pitchyog cov thoob ntiaj teb nyiamphau ntawvrau kev tsim cov anodes, feem ntau rau ob qho laj thawj: nws cov khoom siv khi thiab nws siabpa roj carbonpaib.

Tussuabyuav tsum ua kom ntub cov calcinedRoj av cokeKev sib sau ua ke, sau cov voids nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom, thiab muab cov khoom txaus txaus "ntsuab" lub zog rau qhov sib xyaw ua ntej ci ua ntej ci. Thaum ntsuabnaj hoom(sib xyaw ntawm coke thiabsuab) yog ci ntawm qhov kub (nyob ib ncig ntawm 1100-1200 ° C), tusCour tar pitchkoog plawvkev kub ntxhovCov. Nws decomposes thiab hloov mus rau hauv lub zog, hluav taws xob cojpa roj carbonMatrix (Ncuav qab zib) uas khi covcoekhais ua ke. Qhov Coking Heev Chocks Tus Nqi Kom Muaj Qhov Ci Anode muaj qhov yuav tsum tau uaceev, lub zog, thiab hluav taws xob tsis kam rau qhov kev xav tau smelting txheej txheem.

Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tshwj xeebTshuaj Muaj TshuajntawmCour tar pitch, tshwj xeeb yog nws cov qauv uas muaj ntxhiab, ua rau lub anode tsis kam mus rau oxidation thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cua thiab kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm cov hlwb smelting. Hos lwm cov kev hloov pauv tau tshawb nrhiav, tsis muaj ib zaug li tau ua piv txwv txog tus nqi-qhov ua tau zoo thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawmCour tar pitchNyob rau hauv loj-teevtooj dawbntau lawm. Cov zoo ua kom zoo ntawm covSuab tuavyog qhov tseem ceeb rau anode kev ua tau zoo, cuam tshuam kev siv zog thiab kev ua tiav ntawm covAluminium smeltingkev ua haujlwm.

6. Yuav ua li cas yog thee sar pitch siv hauv steel ntau lawm thiab rectractories?

Cour tar pitchua si ib qho tseem ceeb, albeit sib txawv, lub luag haujlwm hauv kev lag luam steel piv rautooj dawbCov. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab, tshwj xeeb hauvkev refactorycov ntaub ntawv siv los ntawm cov kab ua kom sov thiab cov hlab ntsha muaj kev koom nrog steelmaking thiab lwm yammetallurgycov txheej txheem. Thaum sib xyaw nrog refractory aggregates zoo li magnesia lossis alumina-graphite,suabua raws li ib ntusphau ntawvthaum tsim thiab ib qho chaw ntawm residualpa roj carbontom qab tua hluav taws.

Thaum lub sijhawmtso kev sovlos yog kho cov txheej txheem ntawm cov recractories, tusCour tar pitchcarbonizesnyob rau hauv situCov. Lub txiaj ntsigpa roj carbonnetwork txhim kho ob peb qhov kev cog lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov refractory ob sab. Nws txo cov wettability los ntawm Molten shag thiab hlau, tiv thaiv kev nkag mus thiab txuas lub neej txuas ntxiv. Nws tseem nce cov txheej txheem poob siab thiab muab cov qauv kev ncaj ncees ntawm qhov chaw sov sov uas pom hauv cov tshuab hluav taws kub, thiab cov roj ntsha arclub tshuab ziab(EAF). Impregnating raug tua hluav taws refractory nrogsuabyogkuj sivsauporositythiab ntxiv txhim kho tiv thaiv mus rau tshuaj lom neeg tawm tsam.

Dhau ripvactories,suabyog qee zaum siv hauv taple clays, uas yog siv los ntsaws lub taphole ntawm lub moj tej tawgqho cubCov. TussuabMuab cov yas thiab pab ua qhov ntom ntom ntom, cov cim muaj zog uas tuaj yeem tiv taus cov mob hnyav. Kev xaiv ntawm qhov tsim nyogSuab qibyog ib qho tseem ceeb, ntsuas qhov xav tau kev ua haujlwm thaum lub sijhawm thov nrog qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau cov neeg nyob qispa roj carbonthiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm kub.

7. Dab tsi yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm pitch hauv kev tsim cov khoom lag luam graphite hluav taws xob?

Graphite electrodesyog qhov tseem ceeb consumables hauv hluav taws xob arclub tshuab ziab(EAFs), uas tau siv dav rau cov hlau ua dua tshiab thiab cov hlau tshwj xeeb. Cov pob zeb loj cylindrical loj cyls ua kom muaj peev xwm loj npaum li casHluav taws xobTam sim no mus yaj scrap hlau.Cour tar pitchyog ib qho tseem ceeb raw khoom hauv lawvtsim, muab ob lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb: raws li aphau ntawvthiab raws li ib tug impregnant.

Hauv thawj theem, koobcoek(hom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom zooRoj av coke) yog tov nrogCov Hluav Taws Xob Cov Pob Zeb Ntaus Pob Zeb Ntaus Pob Zeb, uas ua raws li tusphau ntawvCov. Cov sib tov no yog tom qab ntawd muab cov roj ntsha lossis muab pwm rau hauv qhov xav taukhoom siv hluav taws xobpuab (ntsuabkhoom siv hluav taws xob). Ntsuabkhoom siv hluav taws xobTom qab ntawd ci ntawm qhov kub ntawm 800-1000 ° C. Thaum ci, tusSuab tuavcarbonizes, tsim cov khoompa roj carbonMatrix uas tuav rab koobcoekhais ua ke, tsim ib lub ciCarbon electrode.

Txawm li cas los xij, lub cipa roj carbontseem muaj qee qhov chaw seemporosityCov. Kom ua tiav lub siabceev, lub zog, thiab hluav taws xob cuam tshuam rau EAF ua haujlwm, lub cikhoom siv hluav taws xobundergoes ib lossis ntau dua impregnation mus ncig siv cov viscosity qisCour tar pitchCov. TussuabPenetrates lub pores, thiab tuskhoom siv hluav taws xobyog ces rebaked rau carbonize lub impregnatingsuabCov. Tus txheej txheem no tau nce qhov ntom ntom thiab txhim kho qhov kev ua tau zoo tag nrho. Thaum kawg, cov electrode yog graphitized ntawm tsis tshua muajKev Kub Siab(2500-3000 ° C), hloov cov amorphouspa roj carbonlos ntawm ob leeg coke thiab tussuabmus rau hauv ib qho kev txiav txim siabnpaimqauv. Qhov zoo tshaj ntawm ob qho tib si bindersuabthiab Impregnationsuabyog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov kev ua tau zooGraphite electrodesCov. Siv txoj caiXav kub ayphalt(suab) yog tus yuam sij.

8. Puas muaj ntau hom thiab qib ntawm thee sar pitch muaj?

Yog lawm,Cour tar pitchtsis yog ib-qhov loj-haum-txhua yam khoom. Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv ntau qib, feem ntau sib txawv los ntawm lawvSoftening point, uas qhia txog qib ntawm distillation thiab cov txiaj ntsig molecular hnyav xa tawm. Cov Kev Kawm Tib Neeg muaj xws li:

• Mos Suab / Tsis Muaj Kub Siab Twitch:Cov kab lus no muaj qis dua cov ntsiab lus muag khoom (feem ntau qis dua 80 ° C). Lawv yog cov kua ntau ntawm qhov chaw kub thiab tej zaum yuav siv rau qee yam zoo li qee yam ntawm cov sealants lossis uas yuav tsum tau muaj kev nplua nuj.
• Nruab nrab kub suab kub:Qhov no yog dav cov qeb siv, feem ntau nrog softening cov ntsiab lus li kwv yees li 80 ° C rau 115 ° C (Mettller). Noteem nqistrikes qhov sib npaug ntawm cov khoom siv khi thiab ua haujlwm.Nruab nrab kub urhalt blockyog ib daim foos rau hom no, siv dav raws li aphau ntawvhauvpa roj carbonanode ntau lawm rau covTxhuas Kev Lag Luam.
• Nyuaj tw / kub suab kub:Cov qhab nia no muaj cov ntsiab lus softening siab (feem ntau saum nruab 115 ° C, qee zaum tshaj 150 ° C). Lawv tsim cov qib siab duacoektawm los thiab siv hauv cov ntawv thov xav tau lub zog siab thiab lub zog ruaj khov, xws li qee yamkev refactoryCov ntawv thov, Tshwj Xeebnpaimcov khoom lag luam, thiab qee zaum uas impregnatingsuabrauGraphite electrodes.
• Hloov pauv cov phuam da dej.:Qee zaum,Cour tar pitchraug hloov los ntawm cov txheej txheem zoo li cua tshuab, thermal kho, lossis sib xyaw nrog lwm cov tshuaj (roj avderivatives, polymers) kom ua tiav cov khoom tshwj xeeb.Hloov asphaltlossis suab yuav muaj kev txhawb nqa tus kheej, txhim kho cov kev kub ntxhov, lossis kev hloov pauv kev coj ua rau cov kev siv tshwj xeeb xws li kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeebtxheejlossis cov ntaub ntawv paving. Piv txwv li piv txwv lihloov asphaltTsim rau txoj kev tshwj xeeb lossis kev siv kev lag luam.

Qhov kev xaiv ntawmSuab qibNyob ntawm cov ntawv thov thiab cov yam ntxwv ua tau zoo. Raws li atus xa khoom, peb ua haujlwm ze nrog cov neeg yuav khoom xws li Markson kom ntseeg tau tias lawv tau txais qhov tseebteem nqithiabHom suabxav tau rau lawv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, txawm yog nws rauAluminium thiab graphitecov khoom lag luam lossis lwm yam kev siv. Sib xws nyob rau hauv txhuateem nqiYog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhim khu kev qha ntau lawm.

9. Koj tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas qhov kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov neeg muab khoom muag? Tus neeg yuav khoom

Rau cov kws tshaj lij uas zoo li Malompson, sourcingCour tar pitchLos ntawm cov neeg xa khoom thoob ntiaj teb, tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov teb chaws zoo li Tuam Tshoj, yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib xyuas. Pom kev txhim khu kev qhatus xa khoommus dhau tsuas yog ua kom ruaj khov tus nqi sib tw; Nws yog hais txog kom ua kom tiav zoo zoo, muaj peev xwm thauj tau, thiab kev sib txuas lus hauv pob tshab. Ntawm no yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb los xav txog:

• Cov khoom zoo sib xws thiab tswj:Nov yog qhov tseem ceeb. Nug cov neeg xa khoom uas muaj peev xwm txog lawv cov txheej txheem tswj hwm zoo. Lawv puas xeem txhua pob? Lawv tuaj yeem muab cov ntawv pov thawj ua ke ntawm kev tsom xam (COA) uas phim cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb rauSoftening point, Qi, ti,txhosCov ntsiab lus, Coking tus nqi, thiab lwm yam? Lub suab nrov nrov zoo li peb cov kev ua haujlwm tau ua rau cov qauv ntsuas nruj thiab ua raws kev ntsuas nruj (piv txwv li, ISO cov qauv). Yuav ceev faj ntawm cov neeg muab khoom tsis xav qhia cov ntaub ntawv ntxaws ntxaws lossis cov txiaj ntsig tau sib txawv ntawm cov pob. Thov cov qauv rau kev ntsuam xyuas ywj siab ua ntej tso cov xaj loj yog ib kauj ruam.
• Kev txawj ntse thiab txhawb nqa:Thaum Mark yuav muaj zog hauv kev muag khoom, muaj atus xa khoomNrog kev nkag siab txuj ci yog qhov tsis muaj peev xwm. Lawv tuaj yeem tham yuav txawv npaum li cassuabCov khoom cuam tshuam rau koj cov txheej txheem? Lawv tuaj yeem qhia txog qhov tsim nyogteem nqi? Tus neeg ua haujlwm paub tau tuaj yeem yog tus khub, tsis yog tus muag khoom nkaus xwb. Peb pab neeg, piv txwv li, muaj cai siv xyoo kev tsim khoom lag luam los pab cov neeg siv khoom.
• Muaj peev xwm ntau lawm thiab kev ntseeg tau:Puas yog tustus xa khoomMuaj peev xwm txaus kom tau raws li koj lub sijhawm yuav tsum tau ua ntu zus? Lawv cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg dab tsi rau lub sijhawm? Kev xa khoom qeeb yog qhov mob loj, muaj peev xwm halting ntau lawm. Saib kom tsim cov chaw ua haujlwm nrog ntau cov kab ntau lawm (zoo li peb cov kab 7) uas qhia tias muaj kev ruaj khov thiab muaj peev xwm tswj hwm cov xaj loj. Nug rau cov ntawv xa los yog kev kawm.
• Cov ntawv pov thawj thiab ua raws cai:Xyuas kom covtus xa khoomAdheres rau cov qauv ntsig txog thoob ntiaj teb (zoo li ISO 9001 rau kev tswj hwm zoo, ISO 14001 rau kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig). Nug txog lawv txoj kev ua raws li kev nyab xeeb thiab ib puag ncig cov cai. Thov cov ntawv luam ntawm daim ntawv pov thawj, tab sis yuav tsum paub txog lub peev xwm rau kev dag - ntoo khaub lig yog ua tau. Ua raws li qhia tias muaj lub luag haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm tshaj lij.
• Kev sib txuas lus thiab pob tshab:Kev sib txuas lus zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov chaw nyob thiab cov lus. Puas yog pawg tau muag muag? Lawv puas muab cov ntaub ntawv ntshiab hais txog cov sijhawm tsim khoom, cov ntsiab lus xa khoom, thiab cov teeb meem? Kev sib txuas lus pob tshab tsim kev ntseeg siab thiab pab kev cia siab, zam kev ua rau muaj kev xav tsis thoob txog kev thauj lossis cov ntsiab lus them nqi.
• Logistics thiab ntim:Tham txog ntim cov ntaub ntawv ntim khoom (E.g. Piav cov lus xa tawm (incoterms) thiab xyuas kom meejtus xa khoomTau muaj kev xa tawm rau koj thaj av (Asmeskas, Europe, thiab lwm yam). Cov koom tes logistics txhim khu kev qha yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev xa khoom.
• Nqe VSING VS. NQI:Thaum muaj nqi sib tw yog qhov tseem ceeb, kev xaiv pheej yig tshaj tsis yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Qhov zoo hauv qhov zoo sib xws, muaj kev cia siab, thiab cov nqi peev xwm ntawm cov teeb meem ntau lawm los ntawm substandardsuabCov. Tsom rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws tus nqi, ntsuas tus nqi nrog kev ntseeg taumov.

Nrhiav txoj caiCourar Tar Ncuav Txwvyuav tsum muaj kev rau txim vim yog kev rau txim. Mus saib lub Hoobkas, mus koom kev lag luam exhibts (qhov chaw uas peb ib txwm ntsib cov neeg yuav khoom), thiab ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo raws li kev ntseeg siab thiab paub tseeb tau pom zoo.

10. Kev nkag siab thiab tswj kev ua haujlwm ua haujlwm kom sib xyaw ua haujlwm hauv chaw ua haujlwm

Ua haujlwm nrogCour tar pitchyuav tsum muaj kev saib xyuas kom ruaj khov vim muaj peev xwmKev Ua Haujlwm Kev Ua HaujlwmrauCour Tar Suab Volatiles(Ctpvs), uas suav nrog polycyclic muaj ntxhiab tsw qab hydrocarbons (PAHS).Nphavtuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawmsiv nqus tauntawm fumes lossis hmoov av,kev sib cuag dermalnrog tussuabnws tus kheej, lossis kev noj (tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim, feem ntau vim yog kev nyiam huv). Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam sivsuablos ua kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb.

Raug rau cov thee tarderivatives zoo lisuabtuaj yeem ua rau muaj peev xwm ua tau mob. Lub sij hawm luv luvnphavkom siabkev xav ntsoovQib ntawm CTPVs tuaj yeem ua rauKev ua pa nyuaj, mob taub hau, kiv taub hau, thiab xeev siab. Ntev lossis rov ua duakev sib cuag dermaltuaj yeem ua rau photosensitivity (ua cov tawv nqaij dua li lub hnub ci), folliculitis, ntxau, thiab lwm yamKev mob tawv nqaijCov. Lub sijhawm ntevsiv nqus tau nphavtau cuam tshuam nrog kev pheej hmoo ntau ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav, tshwj xeeb ntawm daim tawv nqaij, lub plab zom mov, uas yog vim li cas cov yeeb yaj kiab thiab kev ua haujlwm ywj pheej thiab kev ua haujlwm zoonphavtxwv (pels) rau cttvvs hauvchaw ua haujlwm.

Tswjnphavkoom nrog cov hierarchy ntawm kev tswj hwm:

• Engineering Pawg:Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem, siv cov pa hluav taws xob hauv zos ua pa tawm (Lev) los ntes cov pa taws ntawm lub hauv paus (piv txwv li, anode ci, anode ci,qho cubKev ua haujlwm), thiab cov haujlwm siv tshuab ua kom txo cov neeg ua haujlwm ncaj qha ua haujlwm tau zoo dua.
• Tswj tswj:Txwv cov neeg ua haujlwm lub sijhawm siv nyob rau hauv high-nphavthaj chaw, siv cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm nruj, muab cov chaw ua haujlwm zoo rau kev noj mov / haus dej kom deb ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm, thiab kev soj ntsuam ua haujlwm ib txwm ua haujlwm los ntsuas CTVkev xav ntsoovqib.
• Cov Khoom Siv Tiv Thaiv Tus Kheej (PPE):Nov yog kab kawg ntawm kev tiv thaiv thiab suav nrog lub zog tsim nyog (xaiv raws linphavTheem), cov hnab looj tes tiv thaiv cov hnab looj tes, npog npog, thiab kev tiv thaiv lub qhov muag. Kev cob qhia kom zoo ntawm PPE siv thiab kev txij nkawm yog qhov tseem ceeb.
• Tu nkauj:Hais txog kev ntxuav tes tsis tu ncua thiab da dej tom qab kev hloov pauv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tshem tawm cov seemsuablos ntawm daim tawv nqaij.

ThaumCour tar pitchyog ib qho kev tsis sib haumyam muaj hauj lwmcov khoom siv, lub luag haujlwm tuav thiab nruj ua raws kev nyab xeeb cov kev cai yog qhov tsim nyog los ua kev pheej hmoo cuam tshuam nrogKev Ua Haujlwm Kev Ua HaujlwmCov. Cov neeg xa khoom siv tau los muab cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm kev nyab xeeb (SDS) tawm cov txheej txheem phom sij thiab pom zoo cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv cov txheej txheemsuabCov khoom lag luam. TsawgnphavTiv thaiv tus neeg ua haujlwm rau kev noj qab haus huv thiab ua raws li kev tswj hwm kev ua raws li.

Tseem ceeb takaways ntawm thee tar suab

Txhawm rau qhwv peb tshawb nrhiavCour tar pitch, ntawm no yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov:

• Keeb kwm: Cour tar pitchyog tusnyoblos ntawmdistillationntawm crude thee tar, atus yeeb yaj kiabntawm coalbonation.
• Cov Cuab Yeej Tseem Ceeb:Nws tus nqi tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv nws cov peev txheej zoo heev thiab siabpa roj carbonTso rau thaumtso kev sov (Ncuav qab zibtsim).
• Loj siv:Nws yog qhov tseem ceebphau ntawvraupa roj carbonanodes nyob rau hauvAluminium smelting, tseem ceeb hauvGraphition Electrode chaw, siv hauv kev lag luam hlauntawv refactories, thiab pom nyob rau hauv tshwj xeebtxheejthiab cov foob.
• Cov Qib: Suablos hauv ntau qib (muag muag, nruab nrab, nyuaj, hloov kho) raws li feem ntau ntawmSoftening point, ua kom nrujyam muaj hauj lwmCov ntawv thov nyiamnruab nrab kub urhalt blocks.
• Khoom Siv Khoom Xaiv:Xaiv ib tug txhim khu kev qhatus xa khoomYuav txheeb xyuas qhov zoo sib xws, kev txhawb nqa kev txhawb nqa, cov peev txheej ntau lawm, ISO), kev sib txuas lus zoo, thiab kev tshaj lij logistics. Tsom rau cov nqi tag nrho, tsis yog nqe xwb.
• Kev Nyab Xeeb: Kev Ua Haujlwm Kev Ua HaujlwmrauCour Tar Suab Volatiles(CTPVS / PAHS) yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas los ntawm kev tswj hwm engineering, cov txheej txheem ppe, tsim nyog kev nyiam ua kom txo qis kev phom sij zoo liKev mob tawv nqaijlossisKev ua pa nyuaj.

Nkag siab cov ntsiab lus ntawmCour tar pitchEmpowers cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev lag luam cuam tshuam los ua kom zoo dua cov kev txiav txim siab, ua kom lawv cov txheej txheem zoo, thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov no ntau yamTshuaj Yeeb NkabCov. Raws li cov chaw tsim khoom tsim nyog, peb tau cog lus los muab cov khoom zoosuabcov khoom lag luam thiab txhawb peb cov neeg siv khoom thoob ntiaj teb.