Ua loaʻa iāʻoe iho e ka mea e like me nā hua'ōlelo e like mekau, COLD TREAR, Kāwili Coal-tatch, 'Āpils, apetroleum? ʻAʻoleʻoe wale nō! HE MEAʻeleʻele, Viscouswaiwais ua'ōlelo pinepineʻia i nā'ōkuhiKe ala kūkulu hoʻii nāʻano likeʻoleKahahana nois. Ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i ko lākou mauʻano kūʻokoʻa, nā waiwai, ahoʻohanaS he grucial,ʻoiai ināʻoe i loko o kahiʻoihana e hilinaʻi iā lākou. E hōʻole kēiaʻatikala i kēia mau mea, e wehewehe i ko lākouʻokoʻas, a me ka mea e aloha ai no ke kumu e koho ana i ka pono'Ōpilo Fropera makemakeʻole, e like me kā mākou i kēia ma Zgftty, he nui ia no kāu kūleʻa. E nānā mākou pehealānahuka hoʻoiliʻana i nā mea kūʻai waiwai nui, peheapetroleume hoʻokani ai i kona'āpana, a meʻoe, e like me ka mea kūʻai aku e like me ka mea kūʻai aku e like me Mark Thompson, eʻimiʻoe. E mākaukau e hoʻokaʻawale i ka hohonu o ka honua o kēia mau mea ponoKahahana waiwaiS!
1. He aha ka hana, a pehea pehea eʻokoʻa ai ka coal e moe i ke kumu a me keʻano?
Ka hua'ōlelo "kau"He ākea ākea, hoʻohana pinepineʻia e wehewehe i kekahikūlohelohe, pōʻeleʻele,ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele. ^. Akā ma kahiʻano maʻamau.kauua hana pinepineʻia e ka hana hewaʻana o ka mea kūlohelohewaiwais. Nā kiko'īkumuo keia meawaiwaihe aha ka mea e hāʻawi iā mākou i nāʻano likeʻole okau. ^. No ka mea, Woodkauhele mai ka lāʻau,ʻoiaikaumakemake loa mākou iKahahanakumu,COLD TREAR, nā mea mua mailānahu. ^. 'Ōleloʻokoʻaikumualakaʻi i kahi koʻikoʻiʻokoʻaiKekauka hoʻonohonohoʻana a me, no laila, kā lākou mau waiwai ahoʻohanas.
COLD TREARhe mea kūpono ia i loaʻa i ka wā o ke koloʻana olānahuE hanacokei la(i hoʻohanaʻia ma ke kila) a iʻoleʻO ke kīwī. ^. Hoʻopili kēia kaʻina hanalānahui nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe loa i ka halaʻole oKōlea. ^. Ua hoʻokuʻuʻia nā mea hoʻohui o nā kolamu i ka wā eʻohiʻia ai kēia hanaCOLD TREAR. ^. Kēia mea hoʻopunipuniCOLD TREARheʻano paʻakikī o nā haneli haneli oKekau coupoundS, Intomnantly Lotomaniant Hydrocarbons, Phelels, Aterorcyclic. ʻAʻole like me kekahikauS,COLD TREARwaiwai ma ka waiwaiKekaus likeBeegeene, toluene, xlynes, naphtalene, a me Antraccene, hiki ke laweʻia no nāʻano likeʻolenois.
No laila,ʻoiaiʻo "Tap" he hua'ōlelo maʻamau,COLD TREARhe kiko'īʻanonokaume kahi mea i weheweheʻiakumu-lānahu. ^. L? Kahi ali? NuiKekauNature oCOLD TREARhana ia i kahi mamao loa a me ka hana nuiwaiwaiua hoʻohālikelikeʻia i ka generickaus i loaʻa mai i nā kumuwaiwai'ē aʻe. Hoʻomaopopo i kēia kumuʻokoʻaʻo ia ka hana mua i ka mahaloʻana i kona laulā ākea ohoʻohanas. Nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa oCOLD TREARkū pololei mai kalānahuHele mai ia mai a me keʻano o keʻano kiʻekiʻe o keʻano kiʻekiʻe.
2. Ua weheweheʻo Cal i nā papa inoa:ʻO ka waiwai waiwai nui o ka hoʻoili kālā?
COLD TREARhe waiwai koʻikoʻi nui loa olānahuka hoʻoiliʻana, e pili ana i kaKa hanaʻana o CokeOoleʻO ke kīwī. ^. I ka walānahuua hōʻikeʻia i nā mahana nui (ʻoi aku ka nui o 900 ° C a iʻole 1650 ° F) kahi kaʻina hana iʻikeʻiacokei la. ^. ʻO ka nui o ka nui o ka hihia voutaile e hoʻokukeʻia,ʻo ia, e hoʻomālamalama ana, e hoʻomālamalamaʻia e hana aikūlohelohe, Viscousʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele: gudeCOLD TREAR. ^. ʻAʻole kūpono wale kēia; he waiwai waiwai ia oKekau coupounds. 'ŌleloHoʻohananoCOLD TREARUa hoʻopiliʻia nā komoʻana i kaʻoihana Steel (ʻo ia hoʻicokei la) a me nā hale kula'āinaHoʻohana.
Ka mea nui oCOLD TREARe moe ma kāna mea waiwai a paʻakikī. He mau'āpana o nā haneli o nā haneliKekauS,ʻO nā hydrocarbons oomainBeegeene, toluene, xlynes, naphthalene, antriannene, a me phenos Nui o kēia kanakacoupoundS hiki ke kiʻiʻia ma o ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana, kahi kaʻina hana e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea e pili ana i ko lākou mau pahuhopu. Hana kēiaCOLD TREARhe mea koʻikoʻiwaiwaiNo kaKekauʻoihana. Keʻano kūpono oCOLD TREARhiki ke loli ma muli o kaʻanonolānahuhoʻohanaʻia a me nā kūlana o ke kaʻina kofe, e hoʻoulu ana i kona mau hopehoʻohanaA me ka'Ōpilo Fropers i loaʻa mai ia.
Ke Alaika,COLD TREARloaa ia iahoʻohanai nāʻano noi likeʻole. Ma mua o ke ala o nā petrochemical, he kumu mua iakumuNo nā mea he nuiKekaui hoʻohanaʻia ma nā dyes, nā mea hana, a me nā mea lapaʻau. ʻO kekahi mau hana koʻikoʻi nonā kūlanaʻiliUāP P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Psoroasisaeczema, a i nā mea kanu i lokohanahihishampos, ka mōʻaukalaCOLD TREARMa muli o kāna mau anti-inflamortatory a me nā kumulāʻau anti-scaling. Eia nō naʻe,ʻo kāna kumu muaKahahana hoʻohanaUa hoʻopiliʻia kēia mau lā a puni i kāna hana houʻana i loko o ka pahu, e coreosote, a me nāʻaila kūikawā, nā mea i hoʻohanaʻia, ka lole, a me nāhana hewanoKālekaʻAʻIhuahana. Ka huakaʻi olānahuiCOLD TREARhe mea hōʻike i keʻano o nā kaʻina hana e hiki ai ke hoʻololi i kahi kumu kumu nui i loko o nā mea waiwai nui.
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Kāwili Coal-tatchhe mea koʻikoʻi'Ōpilo Froperlaweʻia mai ka hana houʻana o ka crudeCOLD TREAR. ^. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaka muaHoʻohananoCOLD TREARMailānahuʻO Carbonatory,ʻo ia keʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana. I kēia wā hana maʻamau, nā lole wela like kapa likeʻole (makemake i kaʻaila lala, e wili ana i ka aila 'ana. ʻO nā mea e noho mau ana ma hope o kēia mau mea i halaKāwili Coal-tatch. ^. ʻO ia ke koena mai kēiaka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana o ke keleawe. ^. Hana kēiaKāwili Coal-tatchkahi mea hou aʻe a hoʻopaʻaʻiawaiwaiua hoʻohālikelikeʻiaCOLD TREAR.
ʻO ke kūʻokoʻa oKāwili Coal-tatche moe ana i loko o kāna mau waiwai. ʻO ia ka mea maʻamau aʻeleʻelea iʻole amorphousʻeleʻeleluhiI ka lumi lumi,ʻoiai hiki ke hanaʻia i nāʻano wai me ka loliViscosity. ^. Hoʻokomoʻia kona mau hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi i nā hana wai maikaʻi loa, kiʻekiʻe loaKekauE hoʻouka (ABIDS, Alkalis, a me nā Salts), ikaika ikaika i nā papa likeʻole, a kiʻekiʻeKālekaʻAʻIʻike. Hana kēia mau waiwaiKāwili Coal-tatchʻO ka maikaʻi loa no nāʻano koiKahahana nois. 'Ōlelohana hewanoKāwili Coal-tatchhiki ke hoʻopaʻaʻia e hoʻokō i nā wahi kiko'ī a meViscosityNā helu, ma muli o kāna manaʻohoʻohana.
No ka lano, kona kiʻekiʻeKālekaʻAʻIhanaKāwili Coal-tatchkahi mea kūʻai aku i makemakeʻia ma kaHoʻohananoKālekaʻAʻINā electroms no ka alumini a me nāʻoihana kila (e like me sørderberg a me nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā koho koho. Hoʻohanaʻia ia ma ka pākuʻiʻana i nā felts a me nā shingles ma muli o kona mau kino wai wai, e like mepāpaleNo nā pipela e pale ai i nā corrosio, a ma kekahi mau kiʻi kiʻi kūikawā. Ka papa kiko'ī oKāwili Coal-tatch, e like meʻO keʻano asphalt asphalt blockOoleʻO ke Aliʻi kūpeʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, e hōʻike i kona kūpono no kēia mauʻanohoʻohanas. Ka hoʻololiʻana mai ka crudeCOLD TREARe hoʻoponoponoKāwili Coal-tatchHoʻonui nui i kāna waiwai a me kāna noi a me nā mea noi i nā'āpanaʻoihana kūikawā.
4. Loaʻa i nāʻokoʻa: COOL TE BET BED. COOL-TALD RATRL - Ua hoʻololi lākou?
ʻAʻole,COLD TREARaKāwili Coal-tatchʻaʻole maopopoʻole,ʻoiai e pili ana lākou. Ka nuiʻokoʻamoe i kā lākou hoʻonohonohoʻana i ka hoʻonohonohoʻana a me ka hopena hopena.COLD TREARʻo ia ka mea mua, cudeʻeleʻeleʻeleʻeleLoaʻaʻia e nā mea i loaʻa mai i ka carbomization olānahu. ^. Heʻano paʻakikī e pili ana i kahi hui ākea o ka vollatileKekau coupounds a me nā molela kaumaha. E noʻonoʻo e like me ka huhūwaiwaihou mai kacokei lanā mea nui.
Kāwili Coal-tatch, ma ka lima'ē aʻe, ua paʻaʻia'Ōpilo FropermaiCOLD TREARma o ke kau. I ka wā oka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana o ke keleawe, māmā,ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea kani melemeleKāwili Coal-tatchʻo ia ka mea kaumaha loa,ʻaʻole i waihoʻia ke koena ʻO kēia ka manaʻoKāwili Coal-tatchLoaʻa i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻakikī o ka paʻakikī, kiʻekiʻe-moleculatcoupounds (vocs) hoʻohālikelikeʻiaCOLD TREAR. ^. He mea maʻamau aluhia iʻole semi-luhi waiwaiMa ka lumi lumi,ʻo kahi a keʻanoCOLD TREARhe wai wai. Keia kumuʻokoʻaI ke kūlana pilikino aKekauhōʻikeʻia i ko lākouʻanoʻokoʻanois.
'ŌlelohoʻohanaKe hōʻike pololei nei nā hihia i kēiaʻokoʻa. ^. CudeCOLD TREARe hoʻohana pololeiʻia i loko o kekahi mau mea kahiko,ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā noi a iʻole nā noi hou a iʻole, nā lawelawe, lawelaweʻia e like me ka hānai.Kāwili Coal-tatch, me kāna mau waiwai kūikawā e like me ke kiʻekiʻeKālekaʻAʻIʻO nā meaʻike, nā mana kūpono e pono ai, a me nā wai wai,ʻo ia ka mīkini e koiʻiaKahahanaNā Kūlana. No ka lahui, kaHoʻohanaof carbon axodes no alumini gulting e hilinaʻi nui i nā helu o nāKāwili Coal-tatche like me kahi mea. ʻAʻoleʻoe e hoʻohana i ka huhūCOLD TREARNo kēia mea, e like me kāna mau collatic ke kumu i nā pilikia i ka wā o ka bale a me ka hana. Like me ka hana kiʻekiʻeʻO nā coal tack pitch flakesua hoʻolālāʻia no ka maʻalahi o ka hanaʻana a me nā kaʻina hana hana kūikawā ma kahi a me ka maʻemaʻe o ka pitch he paramount. No laila,ʻoiaiʻo nā mea hou mailānahu, Kāwili Coal-tatchhe mea hou aku i hanaʻia, kūikawā, aʻoi aku ka nuiwaiwaima mua o kona makua,COLD TREAR.
5. Asphalt Wehewehe
ʻO kahiʻano maʻamau kēia o ka hilahila! Oiai'Āpilsakau(kiko'īCOLD TREAR)ʻeleʻele, Kūponowaiwais i hoʻohanaʻiaKe ala kūkulu hoʻia me ka paleʻana, he meaʻokoʻa a me nāʻano likeʻole a loaʻa nāʻano'ē aʻe. 'Ōlelo'ĀpilsUa hoʻohana nuiʻia no nā alanui popo i kēia lāAseroleum asphalt, ua ike hou aku au i na btumumen. He mea nui ia opetroleumE hōʻoluʻolu. I ka wa e aloha aiponoua laweʻia,ʻo ka uila māmā e like me ka gasoline, desel, a laweʻia nā wahie. Ke kaumaha kaumaha, corcous reidude hema ma laloAseroleum asphalt.
COLD TREAR, e like me ko mākou kamaʻilioʻana, hele mai mai ka carbionization olānahu. ^. OiaiCOLD TREARA e like me kāna mau meaKāwili Coal-tatchua hoʻohanaʻia no ka mōʻaukalaKe alaʻO ka papa hana a me nā mea nui (a aia nō i kekahi mau kiko'īnois a iʻole nā'āina),Aseroleum asphaltua lilo i ka pākuʻi nuiwaiwaiʻO nā kumulāʻau no nā kumu he nui, me ke kumukūʻai, loaʻa, loaʻa, a me nāʻano hana hana no kēia mau lāKe alanā pūnaewele. 'Ōleloʻokoʻai kā lākouKekauKe koʻikoʻi nuiʻia:Aseroleum asphalthe mau mea nui o nā aliphachatic a me nā hydrocarbons hydronic, kahiCOLD TREARwaiwai i loko o nā hydrocarbons haipule. ʻO kēiaʻokoʻapili i kā lākou mau waiwai, e like me kā lākou hoʻololi i ka wela e hoʻololi ai i ka wela, a me kā lākou meaʻala.
No laila, keʻikeʻoe i kahi crew i kahiKe ala, ua hoʻohana nuiʻia lākouAseroleum asphalt. ^. He mea nui iahoʻohanaNā 'Terlelokaua'Āpilsinterchange i kēia mau manaʻowaiwai'skumua me nā waiwai. Oiai hikiPAVEhe alo a hana iaʻeleʻelea me ka wai-pale, kā lākou hana ma lalo o ke kaʻaahi,kaiualoae pili ana i ka noʻonoʻoʻanaHōʻoiaʻiʻoa holo, a me ke kūlike me nā mea'ē aʻewaiwaisʻokoʻa. ʻo kahi laʻana,COLD TREARUaʻikeʻia nā pūʻali koa no kā lākou paleʻana i ka mea maikaʻi loapetroleum-ʻO nā wahiʻai a me nā mea kanu,ʻaʻole ia he waiwai e like me keʻano o ka maʻamauAseroleum asphalt. ^. ʻO ke koho ma waena o lākou no kahi kiko'īkūkulu hoʻiHoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine ka hana i nā koi no nā hana hana, nā kānāwai kūloko, a me ke kumukūʻai.
6.ʻO ka hanaʻo Petroleum
Petroleum, a iʻolepono, he mea kūlohelohe maoli, melemele-ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻeleloaʻa ma lalo o ka honua o lalo o ka honua, hiki ke hoʻoponoponoʻia e hana i kahi'āpana nui o nā wahie aKahahana 'Ōpilo Fropers. Kona pili ana'Āpilshe kuhikuhi a me ke kumumanao: ka mea maʻamauʻanono'Āpilsi hoʻohanaʻia i kēia lā, no kaKe alaPākuʻu,ʻo iaAseroleum asphalt(bithumen),ʻo ialoaʻapololei mai ka noʻonoʻoʻana opetroleum. ^. I ka wā o ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana o ka hoʻopunipunipono, ua hoʻokaʻawaleʻia nā mea e pili ana i kā lākou mau pahuhopu. ʻO nā mea māmā māmā e like me ka gasoline,ʻo Kearsene, a me Diesel, e lawe muaʻia, e waiho ana ma hope o nā mea nui loa.Aseroleum asphaltʻo ia kaʻoi loa,ʻoi aku ka nui o ka viscous bore, ke koena o lalo-o-ka-barrel.
Nā waiwai kiko'ī oAseroleum asphalte hana ia i kahi mea kūpono kūpono no nā aggreges (e like me ka pōhaku a me ke one) e hana'ĀpilsʻO ka hakakā, ka mea i hoʻohanaʻia no nā ala i hoʻopaʻaʻia. ʻO kānaʻano viscoolastic e hiki ai ke ikaika a ikaika hoʻi i ka paʻakikī e like me ka nui o nā kaʻa a me keʻano like. 'ŌleloHoʻohananoAseroleum asphalthiki ke kāohiʻia e hāʻawi i nā helu likeʻole me ka paʻakikī paʻakikī a me ka paʻakikīViscosity, kūpono no nā meaʻokoʻa a me nā kūlana kaʻa. Hana kēiapetroleumHe koʻikoʻikumu waiwaiNo ka honuakūkulu hoʻiʻoihana.
Mawaho'Āpilsno nā alanui,petroleumo kokumuo nā mea'ē aʻe'ē aʻeKahahana 'Ōpilo Fropers. Nā petrochemical, laweʻia maipetroleuma me keʻano kūlohelohe, hoʻohanaʻiahana hewaNā plastits, synthetic strombers, soconthetic, stirents, certerlizers, a he nui o nā mea'ē aʻeKekaus. ʻOiai kekahi mauʻano'Blaʻeleʻele, i hoʻohanaʻia ma kahi puaʻa a me ka hoʻoikaikaʻana i nā mea hoʻokele ma nā kaila a me nā'āpana'ē aʻe'Ōpilo FroperS, hiki ke hanaʻia maipetroleumhuakai. ʻOiaiʻo kā mākou papa mua ma muaCOLD TREARa me kāna mau derivatives, he mea nui ia e hoʻomaopopopetroleume like me kekahi mea nuikumuo nā hydrocarbons e pili ana i ko mākou honua a hāʻawi i ka mea ponowaiwais no ke ola hou, me ka ubiquitousʻeleʻelePākuʻupanawaiwaiKāhea mākou'Āpils. ^. Ke kumu nui opetroleumʻO ka hōʻoluʻoluʻana i kēlāAseroleum asphaltka laulā ākea ākea a me ke kumukūʻai-kūpono no nā hana pākuʻi nui.
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Ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i nāʻikena nui ma waenaCOLD TREARNā huahana,Aseroleum asphalt, a me kekahipetroleum-ʻOiwaiwais he mea nui no ke kohoʻana i ka'ākau'Ōpilo FroperNo kahi kiko'īnoi. ^. ʻOiai eʻikeʻia lākou i kekahi manawae like(e.g.,ʻeleʻele, ciscous), ko lākou kumu kula,Kekaunā hoʻohālikelike, a me nāʻano hana hana maikaʻi loa.COLD TREARa me kānaʻano i hoʻopaʻaʻia,Kāwili Coal-tatch, ma mua mailānahu, tihaAseroleum asphalt(bithumen) a me nā mea'ē aʻepetroleumnā huahanaloaʻamai ka crudepono.
COLD TREARwaiwai nā huahana ma ka polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs), hāʻawi iā lākou i ke kū'ēʻana iā lākouwai, nāʻano, nā'ōpala, aKekaus. Hana kēia iā lākou i nā lole pale no nā pale pale, nā mea i loko o nā koi e koi ai, a me nā mea pili i lokoKālekaʻAʻInā huahana e like me nā electrodes (ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻeKālekaʻAʻIhua). Eia nō naʻe,ʻo ke alo oPahsʻo ka mea hoʻi e mālama i ka mālamaʻana akaiualoae pili ana i ka noʻonoʻoʻanaHōʻoiaʻiʻopono.COLD TREARʻO nā mea waiwai e pili ana i nā mea hou aku e pili ana i ka resistant i ka degradation uv ma mua o kekahipetroleumasphalts.
Aseroleum asphalt, ma ka lima'ē aʻe,ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea nui a me nā hydrocarbons hydrocarbons. ʻO ia ka mea nuiwaiwaino kaKe alaʻO ka pākuʻi ma muli o kāna mau kumukūʻai maikaʻi maikaʻi me nā aggregates, hoʻololi, a me ke kumukūʻai-kūpono ma kahi nui. Ke hāʻawi neiʻo ia i ka wai wai maikaʻi,ʻo kona paleʻana ipetroleum-ʻO nā mea hana a pau i lalo ma mua o kēlāCOLD TREAR. ^. MAKAU NOIApetroleumnā huahana, e like me nā'ōpala a me nā lubrices, he mau meaʻokoʻa loahoʻohanas. 'ŌleloʻokoʻaiKekau coupoundE alakaʻi i nāʻano hana likeʻole, nā viscosities, a me nā kūpono no nāʻano likeʻoleKahahanakaʻina hana. No ka laʻana,ʻo kaHoʻohanao kekahi mau kapa kaulana i makemake pahaCOLD TREARNo kona paleʻana i ke kūleʻa superiorhoʻohana Aseroleum asphalt.
Eia kahi hoʻohālikelike maʻalahi:
| Pili | COOL TAR / COOL-TALOG PITIT | ʻO ka asroleum asphalt (bithumen) | Nā huahana holoholona holoholona'ē aʻe (e.g., felels) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kumu | Lānahu(carbon i nā mea kanu) | Petroleum(crude ailaʻaila e hoʻoponopono ana i ke koena) | Petroleum(nā mea i hoʻoponoponoʻia) |
| ʻO keʻano o keʻano Chemical | Polycyclic arrdrocarbons (pahs) | Hoʻolaha & naphthenic hydrocarbons | Lighter hydrocarbons (Alkanes, etc.) |
| Hoʻohana mua | Nā BinderlDode Binder, Cerely Coatist, sariants, sanilants, piula,Nā huahana Asphalt | Ke alaka hanaʻana, i ka haleʻaina, wai wai | Nā manu, nā libricants, solints, nā plastics |
| Soundnt resistisnce | Kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe | Maʻalahi e haʻahaʻa | Nāʻano maʻamau (he nui nā mea e lawe iā lākou iho) |
| Ke kū'ē kū'ē | Maikaʻi e maikaʻi | Kūpono i ka maikaʻi (hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻiʻia me nā hoʻohui) | Ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (ʻaʻole no ka hōʻike lōʻihi) |
| NA MANAOLO DOLIAMERA | Kiʻekiʻe (ʻoi loa i lokoKāwili Coal-tatch) | Loli | Nā mea likeʻole (haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka pitch a iʻole asphalt) |
| Nā hopohopo kūlohelohe | Pahskoi pono i ka hoʻokele mālama, hiki i kake Kinonā hopena olakino me ka lōʻihiHōʻoiaʻiʻo. | Nā hoʻohālikelike voif i ka wā o ka noiʻana, runoff hopohopo hopohopo. | ʻO nā emissions emissition, nā'ōpala. |
Nā mea e manaʻo nei kēia papa e koho ana i ke koho owaiwaihilinaʻi nui loa i nā koi kiko'ī o kanoi, me ka pono o ka hana,kaiualoanā lula, a me ke kumukūʻai. E like me kaʻoihana,ʻike mākou i lokoCOLD TREARnā huahana a hoʻomaopopo i nā poʻe nus i mea e kūpono ai iā lākou no kekahiKahahananā'āpana.
8 No ke aha ke kumu kūʻai nui o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me nā kāleka kāleka kāleka nui no kāuʻoihana?
No nāʻoihana e like me nā mea nona ka hōʻailona o Mark Thompson,ʻo wai e kūʻaiCOLD TREARNā huahana (Likecoal tar pitch) aPetroleum CokeNo ka retoreta i nā smolters alumini, nā mea hao keleawe, a iʻolePaʻi alanuiʻO nā hui, ke kauʻana i ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻewaiwaiʻaʻole ia he makemake wale nō - he mea ponoʻole ia. Ka maikaʻi o kēia mau meawaiwais pololei kūpono i ka hana o ka hopena'Ōpilo Fropers a me ka pono o kaKahahananā kaʻina hana i hoʻohanaʻia ai lākou i loko. No ka manawa, ma ka waihoʻoluʻu alumini, ka maʻemaʻe a me ka maʻemaʻe oKāwili Coal-tatchhoʻohanaʻia ma keʻano he binder noKālekaʻAʻIHe koʻikoʻi nā adedes. Hiki i nā mea momona a iʻole nā loli i ka maikaʻi o ka pitch hiki ke alakaʻi i nā hemahema, hoʻonuiʻia i ka ikaika ikehu, a hoʻemi i ka aluminimHoʻohanaPono. Pēlā nō, keʻano oPetroleum Coke(e kohoʻiaPetroleum Coke) e pili ana i kāna hana e like meKālekaʻAʻIraiser i ka sterelmaking a iʻole he meaʻalawaiwaino nā anie.
Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻaCOLD TREAROolePetroleum Cokehiki ke hoʻolauna i kahi hoʻokipa o nā pilikia. E loaʻa paha iā lākou nā mea i kūlikeʻoleViscositya iʻole nā kumu nui i lokoKāwili Coal-tatch, e alakaʻi ana i nā pilikia i ka hoʻoiliʻana a'Ōpilo Fropernā hemahema. No kaPetroleum Coke, nā pilikia e like me keʻano o ka sulfur kiʻekiʻe,ʻoi aku ka nui o ka collatile i loaʻa, a iʻole nā mea i hikiʻole ke loaʻa i nā metalahoʻohanai nā kaʻina metallirgical a iʻole e hāʻawiʻia ikaiualoanā pilikia hoʻokō. E like me kekahi kanaka ma kaHoʻohanaʻO kaʻaoʻao, e like me aʻu iho, Allen,ʻike mua wau pehea e hiki ai i nāʻano mea kanu ma waena o ka papa hana holoʻokoʻa. Ua hoʻonui nui mākou i kā mākou 7Hoʻohananā laina e hōʻoia ai hiki iā mākou ke hana i ka neʻeCOLD TREARkūpono a hana i ka maʻamau, kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻeKāwili Coal-tatcha me nā mea aloha'ē aʻe.
ʻO Mark Thompson ka hopohopo e pili ana i ka nānāʻana i ka nānāʻana a me nā hōʻoia e pono ai nā hōʻoia. Pono e hāʻawi i nā mea kūʻai aku e pono ai ke hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hōʻoiaʻana o ka maikaʻi, me ka mahaloʻana i nā kūlana honua (e like me ka hōʻikeʻana o ka'Ōpilo FroperNā kiko'ī. ʻO ka palapala hōʻoiaʻo Fraud he hihia koʻikoʻi, a me nā mea kūʻai aku e pono ai nā mea hana i hanaʻia e kūpaʻa. Ke kauʻana i ka maikaʻi-maikaʻiCOLD TREARaPetroleum Cokehe minoʻakakaiualoanā pilikia e pili ana i nā haumia a e hōʻoia i ka hopenois eve me nā koi regiory. ʻO hope loa, ke alakaʻi nei nā kūlana maikaʻi loa i ka hanaʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, a hōʻemi i nā pilikia hana, a me kahi mea ikaika e like me nāʻoihana e like me kēlā me kēia koʻikoʻiwaiwais e hoʻopau i nā mea hoʻohana. He waiwai kālā ia ma ka hilinaʻi a me kaʻoluʻolu o ka mea kūʻai aku.
Ka mākeke noCOLD TREARʻO nā huahana keʻano o nā huahana, me nā helu likeʻole a me nāʻano i hoʻopaʻaʻia no ka kiko'īKahahana nois. Ke kohoʻana i ka'ākau'Ōpilo Froperhe mea pono e hōʻoia i ka hana maikaʻi a me ka uku-kūpono. Keynois noCOLD TREARnā derives, nui loaKāwili Coal-tatch, e komo i konahoʻohanae like me ka mea i loko o kahana hewanoKālekaʻAʻIʻO nā Aodes no ka alumini a me ke kiʻiʻana i nā uila no nā electrodes no nā furnants electric i nā furnaces ma Steelmaking. Kona kiʻekiʻeKālekaʻAʻIʻO kaʻike a me nā mea waiwai maikaʻi loa e hoʻopiliʻia ma aneʻi. Kekahi nuihoʻohanai loko o nā mea waiwai, kahi i manaʻo nuiʻia ai kona mau wahi wai.COLD TREARHoʻohana pūʻia nā mea make a me nā lole e pale aku ai i nā paila pila a me nā hana ma luna o ka corrosition ma muli o ko lākou mau paleʻana iwaiaKekaus.
Ke kohoʻana i kahiCOLD TREAR 'Ōpilo Froper, ua hele mai kekahi mau mea i ka pāʻani. ʻO ke kumu nui e pono ai ka mea i koiʻia no nā pika koʻikoʻi no nā pitches, e hoʻoholo ana i ka mahana ma kahi o kawaiwainā loli mai kahi brittleluhii kahi kūlana'ē aʻe.ViscosityMa keʻano o keʻano noiʻana no ka hanaʻana no ka hanaʻana a me ka hoʻoiliʻana. No ka laʻana, aʻO ke Aliʻi kūpeʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe(E pili pinepine i ka hoʻopiliʻana i ka PTITSEning Point Pitch) no nā noi e pili ana i nāʻano kiʻekiʻe,ʻoiai aʻO keʻano asphalt asphalt blockkūpono paha no nā kumu'ē aʻe'ē aʻe a iʻole nā kumu kūʻai. ʻO ka manaʻo o nā'āpana kiko'ī e like me nā insolus insolutions (qi), infuene insolutions
Eia kekahi, no nā noi e like meKe ala kūkulu hoʻia hoʻoponopono hou pahaCOLD TREAR-ʻOi a iʻoleHoʻololiʻia asphaltnā huahana (kahi e hiki ai i kekahi manawaCOLD TREARE kohoʻia a iʻoleʻia) i kohoʻia no ko lākou hana paʻaʻana a me ka paleʻana i keʻano o ka wahie spillage. Me he meaʻona hale,ʻo wau, Allen, e aʻo mau i nā mea kūʻai aku e like me Mark Thompson e wehewehe pono i kā lākou hope-hoʻohananā koi a me nā hana hana. Eʻae kēia iā mākou e hōʻike i ka mea kūpono loaCOLD TREAR 'Ōpilo Froper, inā he papa maʻamau a iʻole kahi hana maʻamau. Ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i nā hōʻike data loea a hōʻoia i ka'Ōpilo FroperE hālāwai me nā kūlanaʻoihana pili pono. Hana pinepine mākou me nā mea kūʻai aku e hōʻoia i kaCOLD TREAR 'Ōpilo FroperKoho lākou mai kā mākou laulā, e nā flake, nā poloka, a iʻole wai wai, kūponoʻole, kūpono loa me kā lākouHoʻohananā kaʻina hana a me nā manaʻolana maikaʻi. E pili ana i ka hoʻopiliʻana i nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa oCOLD TREARI nā pono kūpono o kanoi.
10.ʻO ka loaʻaʻana i kahi mea hāʻawi hilinaʻi ma Kina: He aha nā mea kūʻai e like me nā mea kūʻai aku e like me Mark Thompson ma mua?
No nā mea kūʻai aku e like me Mark Thompson mai ka USA, SolcingCOLD TREARNā huahana aPetroleum Cokemai ka hoʻomohalaʻana i nā'āina e like me Kina ke hāʻawi i nā kumukūʻai hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū. Eia nō naʻe, e hele mai ana me nā pilikia kūpono. No laila,ʻoi aku ka nui o nā poʻeʻike i ka wā e koho ai i kahi mea lawelawe ke koʻikoʻi no kahi kaʻinaʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. ʻO nā manaʻo nui o Mark ʻO kona mau hōʻeha hōʻeha, e like me ke kamaʻilioʻana a me nā mea kūʻai aku a me ka hoʻounaʻana, e hōʻike hou i ka pono no kahi hoa kūpono maoli.
Mua a mua loa,hōʻoia maikaʻiis paramika. He hilinaʻiKāleka Kūʻaipono e loaʻa i nā'ōnaehana mana o keʻano ma kahi, mai Rawwaiwai (lānahu) Inoake i ka hope'Ōpilo FroperHoʻouna. Hoʻopili kēia i nā hoʻokolohua maʻamau no nā parameters nuiViscosity, Ash Story, qi, ti, et, etc.) a me ka mahalo i nā kūlana honua. Pono nā mea kūʻai aku e nānā i nā mea hoʻolako e pili ana i kā lākou mau kaʻina hoʻokolohua a makemake e hāʻawi i nā palapala hōʻoia, i nā palapala hōʻoia inā i noiʻia. Me he hale hana me 7HoʻohanaNā laina, ua maopopo iā mākou ma Zgftty i ke koʻikoʻi o ke kūpaʻa, a hōʻoia mākou i kā mākouCOLD TREARaKāwili Coal-tatchnā huahana e hoʻokō i nā kiko'ī. Nā hōʻoia hōʻoia, e like me iso 9001 no ka hoʻokele maikaʻi a hiki i ka hoʻokele maikaʻi a me ka hiki i ka iso 14001 nokaiualoahoʻokele, maikaʻi nā hōʻailona maikaʻi o kahi hana o kahi mea hoʻolako. ʻO kaʻike o Mark i nā palapala palapala i loaʻa i nā palapala i hoʻokaʻawaleʻia e pono ai ka pono e hōʻoia i ia mau palapala.
ʻO nā loiloi a me ke kamaʻilioʻana he mau wahi koʻikoʻi'ē aʻe. Ua like nā mea hana e like me mākou, lawe pinepineʻia i ka USAʻAmelika,ʻAmelika, a maopopo i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻana i nā mea hoʻokūkū. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe, hoʻomaikaʻi, a me ke kamaʻilio maikaʻiʻana,ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi me nā mea kūʻai aku o nā mea kūʻai aku e loaʻa ana i ka'Ōpilo Fropera me nā pono o ka mea kūʻai Ke kamaʻilioʻana o kaʻehaʻeha o Mark e pili ana i ke komoʻana o ke kamaʻilioʻana; Pono kahi mea hoʻolako e pono ai a pane aku. ʻO nā hana uku a me ka palekana e hāʻawiʻia i kahi pilina hilinaʻi hilinaʻi. Hope loa, kūʻai aku nā mea kūʻai aku e like me Mark eʻimi i kahi hui lōʻihi lōʻihi me aʻO ka hale kūʻai kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka mea kūʻai akue hōʻike ana i nā mea hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkūʻole, akā,ʻaʻole hoʻi e kūleʻa i ka maikaʻi, hilinaʻi, a me ka lawelaweʻana o ka mea kūʻai aku, a me nā mea kūʻai aku ma laila e pili anaHōʻoiaʻiʻoe hoʻolako i nā mea hoʻonāukiukiʻole.
E hoʻomanaʻoʻia nā mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo ai:
- Kauhe hua'ōlelo maʻamau;COLD TREARhe mea kūpono ia o kalānahuʻO Carbonatory, waiwai nui i loko o ka ahuticKekaus.
- Kāwili Coal-tatchhe koena hou maiCOLD TREARʻO ka heleʻana, maʻamau aluhime ke kiʻekiʻeKālekaʻAʻIkaʻike, hoʻohanaʻia ma keʻano he mea kanu a no ka wai wai.
- 'Āpilsma muaKe alaʻO ka pākaukau maʻamauAseroleum asphalt(bithumen), kahi koena mai ka crudeponoE hōʻoluʻolu,ʻokoʻaʻokoʻaCOLD TREAR.
- Petroleumo kokumunoAseroleum asphalta he nui nā manu'ē aʻe aKahahana 'Ōpilo Fropers.
- 'Ōleloʻokoʻas in of offin (lānahuvs.petroleum) alakaʻi i kahiʻokoʻaKekaunā hoʻohālikelike, nā waiwai, anois no kēiaʻeleʻele, Viscouswaiwais.
- No kaKahahanahoʻohana e like me ka alumini smelling, sterelmaking, a me nā kāhiki kūikawā, nā waiwai kūikawā oCOLD TREARaKāwili Coal-tatch(e.g., kiʻekiʻeKālekaʻAʻI, KekauʻO ka paleʻana) ua manaʻo nuiʻia.
- Ke kauʻana i ka maikaʻi-maikaʻiCOLD TREARNā huahana aPetroleum CokePono e koho pono i nā mea kūʻai aku, e pili ana i ka hōʻoiaʻana o ka maikaʻi, nā hōʻoia kūpono, kūpono e pale ai i nā mea e like me nā mea kūʻai aku e like me nā mea kūʻai aku e like me nā mea kūʻai aku e like me Mark Thompson.
- Ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i nā poʻe nunui ma waena o kēiawaiwais kōkua i nā hoʻoholo i'ōleloʻia no nāʻano likeʻolekūkulu hoʻiaKahahana noiS, hōʻoia i ka pono'Ōpilo Froperhoʻohanaʻia no ke kumu kūpono.
Post manawa: 05-19-2025
